Essentials of Linguistics 2e (Anderson et al.)
- Page ID
- 192560
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This text brings together Open Access content from around the web and enhances it with dynamic video lectures about the core areas of theoretical linguistics (phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics), supplemented with discussion of psycholinguistic and neurolinguistic findings. Essentials of Linguistics is suitable for any beginning learner of linguistics.
- Chapter 1: Human Language and Language Science
- 1.1: What even is language?
- 1.2: What grammars are and aren't
- 1.3: Studying language scientifically
- 1.4: Thinking about standards and “proper” grammar
- 1.5: Doing harm with language science
- 1.6: Doing good with language science
- 1.7: Exercise your linguistics skills
- 1.8: Three waves of sociolinguistics
- 1.9: Summary
- Chapter 3: Phonetics
- 3.1: Modality
- 3.2: Speech articulators
- 3.3: Describing consonants- Place and phonation
- 3.4: Describing consonants- Manner
- 3.5: Describing vowels
- 3.6: The International Phonetic Alphabet
- 3.7: Signed language articulators
- 3.8: Describing signs
- 3.9: Signed language notation
- 3.10: Syllables
- 3.11: Stress
- 3.12: Tone and intonation
- Chapter 4: Phonology
- 4.1: Phonemes and allophones
- 4.2: Phonotactics and natural classes
- 4.3: Contrastive distribution and minimal pairs
- 4.4: Complementary distribution
- 4.5: Phonemic analysis
- 4.6: Another example of phonemic analysis
- 4.7: Phonological rules
- 4.8: Phonological derivations
- 4.9: Types of phonological rules
- 4.10: Signed language phonology
- Chapter 5: Morphology
- 5.1: What is morphology?
- 5.2: Roots, bases, and affixes
- 5.3: Morphology beyond affixes
- 5.4: Allomorphy
- 5.5: Lexical categories
- 5.6: Derivational morphology
- 5.7: Inflectional morphology
- 5.8: Compounding
- 5.9: Structural ambiguity in morphology
- 5.10: How to draw morphological trees
- 5.11: How to solve morphology problems
- 5.12: Exercise your linguistics skills
- Chapter 6: Syntax
- 6.1: Syntactic knowledge and grammaticality judgements
- 6.2: Word order
- 6.3: Structure within the sentence- Phrases, heads, and selection
- 6.4: Identifying phrases- Constituency tests
- 6.5: Functional categories
- 6.6: Clausal embedding
- 6.7: Main clause Yes-No questions
- 6.8: Main clause content questions
- 6.9: Embedded content questions
- 6.10: Arguments and thematic roles
- 6.11: Changing argument structure- Causatives and passives
- 6.12: Interim summary
- 6.13: From constituency to tree diagrams
- 6.14: Trees- Introducing X-bar theory
- 6.15: Trees- Sentences as TPs
- 6.16: Trees- Modifiers as adjuncts
- 6.17: Trees- Structural ambiguity
- 6.18: Trees- Embedded clauses
- 6.19: Trees- Movement
- 6.20: Trees- Movement beyond questions
- 6.21: Trees- Summary
- 6.22: Exercise your linguistics skills.
- Chapter 7: Semantics
- 7.1: Linguistic meaning
- 7.2: Compositionality- Why not just syntax?
- 7.3: What does this sentence "mean"? Entailments vs. implicatures
- 7.4: The mental lexicon
- 7.5: The nature of lexical meaning
- 7.6: Events and thematic roles
- 7.7: Countability
- 7.8: Individual- vs. stage-level predicates
- 7.9: Degrees
- 7.10: Why not the dictionary?
- 7.11: Denotation
- 7.12: Introduction to set theory
- 7.13: Negative polarity items
- 7.14: Summary
- 7.15: Exercise your linguistics skills
- Chapter 8: Pragmatics
- 8.1: At-issue vs. non-at-issue meaning
- 8.2: Cross-community differences in discourse
- 8.3: Semantics and pragmatics in the legal domain
- 8.4: Conversational implicatures
- 8.5: The Cooperative Principle
- 8.6: How inferences arise, and neurodiversity in inference making
- 8.7: Violating vs. flouting a maxim
- 8.8: More about the Cooperative Principle
- 8.9: Illocutionary meaning
- 8.10: Thinking about illocutionary meaning compositionally
- 8.11: What is a context?
- 8.12: Assertion
- 8.13: Question
- 8.14: Analysing meaning dynamically
- 8.15: Summary (and further questions to consider)
- 8.16: Exercise your linguistics skills
- Chapter 9: Reclaiming Indigenous Languages
- 9.1: Preserving Mohawk
- 9.2: Learning Mohawk
- 9.3: Mohawk culture and language
- 9.4: Creating materials for teaching Mohawk
- 9.5: Speaking Mohawk and reconciliation
- 9.6: One view on the future of Indigenous languages
- 9.7: Reclaiming Michif
- 9.8: Reclaiming Hul’q’umi’num’
- 9.9: Growing up speaking Nishnaabemwin
- 9.10: Learning Nishnaabemwin at University
- 9.11: Resources for teaching and learning Nishnaabemwin
- Chapter 10: Language Variation and Change
- This chapter explores sociolinguistic variation and how it has been analyzed. We’ll be introduced to the concept of the linguistic variation, we’ll see how to analyze data from a variationist sociolinguistic perspective, and we’ll survey some of the major social factors that correlate with sociolinguistic variation.
- 10.1: What is variationist sociolinguistics?
- 10.2: Language varies
- 10.3: Language changes
- 10.4: Language conveys more than semantic meaning
- 10.5: Variationist methods and concepts
- 10.6: Sociolinguistic correlations - Place
- 10.7: Sociolinguistic correlations - Social status
- 10.8: Sociolinguistic correlations - Gender
- 10.9: Sociolinguistic correlations - Ethnicity
- 10.10: Exercise Your Linguistics Skills
- Chapter 11: Child Language Acquisition
- 11.1: Tiny, powerful language learners
- 11.2: When does language learning start?
- 11.3: Phonemic contrast
- 11.4: Early language production
- 11.5: The Language environment and the so-called word gap
- 11.6: Understanding word combinations
- 11.7: Syntax in early utterances
- 11.8: Developing word meanings
- 11.9: Growing up bilingual (or multilingual!)
- 11.10: Language milestones in the first two years
- 11.11: Exercise your linguistics skills
- Chapter 12: Adult Language Learning
- 12.1: Adults are not children
- 12.2: Motivations for adult language learners
- 12.3: Gaining proficiency
- 12.4: Cognitive processes in language learning
- 12.5: Learning a New Modality
- 12.6: Learning Phonetics and Phonotactics in a Later Language
- 12.7: Learning Phonemes and Allophones in a Later Language
- 12.8: Exercise your linguistics skills
- Chapter 15: PSRs and Flat Tree Structures
- This appendix is provided as an alternative to the second half of the syntax chapter (Sections 6.14-6.21), teaching flat tree structures instead of x-bar. It is written to follow Section 6.13. It is recommended to use this alternative for one-semester introductory courses, as well as any introductory courses that have two weeks or fewer to cover syntax.