3.4: Chapter Wrap-Up

In addition to your personality, your biologically based temperament also plays an important role in how you interact with others interpersonally. As discussed in this chapter, your temperament is identifiable at birth, whereas, your personality is something that develops over your lifespan. Although we cannot change the biological aspects of our temperament, we can learn how to adjust our behaviors in light of our temperaments.

End of Chapter

Key Terms

• Affectionless Psychopathy
• Affective Orientation
• Anxious Shyness
• Argumentativeness
• Assertiveness
• Authoritarianism
• Cognitive Dispositions
• Communication Apprehension
• Communication Dispositions
• Depression
• Dismissing Attachment
• Dogmatism
• Emotional Intelligence
• Emotional Loneliness
• Empathy
• External Locus of Control
• Extraversion
• Fearful Attachment
• Ideal-Self
• Internal Locus of Control
• Intrapersonal
• Intrapersonal Communication
• Introversion
• Locus of Control
• Loneliness
• Machiavellianism
• Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis
• Narcissism
• Personality
• Preoccupied Attachment
• Rejection Sensitivity
• Relational Dispositions
• Responsiveness
• Right-Wing Authoritarians
• Secure Attachment
• Self-Concept
• Self-Conscious Shyness
• Self-Esteem
• Self-Image
• Self-Monitoring
• Self-Worth
• Shyness
• Social Loneliness
• Social-Personal Dispositions
• Sociocommunicative Orientation
• Temperament
• Verbal Aggression
• Versatility
• Willingness to Communicate

Real World Case Study

John’s mother, Kathleen, was 16 years old when he was born. Kathleen’s mother had died during her childbirth because she had refused to get cancer treatments, which could have harmed her unborn child. After Kathleen’s birth and her mother’s death, Kathleen’s father was always cold towards his daughter and often blamed her for his wife’s death.

When Kathleen entered her teenage years, she started acting out and started participating in several risky behaviors, which is how she ended up pregnant at 16. After John’s birth, Kathleen was simply ill-equipped to handle a child, let alone attempt to bond with a child. During John’s first two years of life, he was often dropped at Kathleen’s friends’ houses or even her grandmother’s house, and then Kathleen would disappear for days. After two years of attempting to raise John, Kathleen’s grandmother convinced her to put her child up for adoption.

When John was two, he was adopted by Bobby and Priscilla Wright. The couple already had one child, Mikey, and they desperately wanted another child, but Priscilla was unable to have more children, so the addition of John to their family was very welcome. Although Bobby and Priscilla were amazing parents, John always felt somewhat disconnected.

In school, John rarely kept the same friends as he progressed through his education. He found it easy to leave one set of friends behind and create a new set wherever he went. He often found it very odd when people were still friends with people they’d known since birth. This same pattern of behavior continued into adulthood, and John quickly found himself with a small circle of friends. Honestly, he was horrible at keeping up with his friends. It’s not that he didn’t like his friends, but he felt that friends needed to fit into his schedule. As time went by, he quickly found himself with more and more acquaintances and fewer and fewer closer relationships. Even his relationship with his family seemed remote and non-essential. He loved his family, but they were almost out of sight, out of mind since they were on the other side of the country.

When John turned 40, he started trying to figure out how his social and relationship life was in such shambles. He wanted to have relationships with other people but simply didn’t know how.

1. Based on the information contained in the case, how would you characterize John in this story?
2. Apply John Bowlby’s theory of attachment to this story.
3. Apply Karen Horney’s theory of rejection sensitivity to this story.

End of Chapter Quiz

1. Which of the following is NOT one of Charles Horton Cooley’s postulates related to the “looking-glass self?”
   a. Actors learn about themselves in every situation by exercising their imagination to reflect on their social performance.
   b. Actors next imagine what those others must think of them.
   c. Actors assess those perceptions through prior interactions with others.
   d. Actors experience an affective reaction to the imagined evaluation of the other
2. Which of the following is the truest statement about the relationship between communication and self-esteem?
   a. There is no relationship between communication and self-esteem.
   b. One’s self-esteem impacts how he/she/they communicate.
   c. One’s communication impacts an individual’s self-esteem.
   d. There is a circular relationship between self-esteem and communication.
3. Which of John Daly’s personality dispositions refers to general patterns of mental processes that impact how people socially relate to others or view themselves?
   a. Cognitive
   b. Communicative
   c. Relational
   d. Personal-social
4. Jerry is highly in-tune with his emotions. He generally believes that whatever his feelings are telling him to do, it’s probably the right thing for him to do. What personality trait is Jerry exhibiting?
   a. Cognitive complexity
   b. Affective orientation
   c. Emotional intelligence
   d. Shyness
5. Which of Kim Bartholomew and Leonard Horowitz’s attachment styles describes individuals who see themselves as unworthy of love and generally believe that others will react negatively through either deception or rejection?
   a. Alienated
   b. Dismissing
   c. Fearful
   d. Secure

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14 Ibid.

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17 Ibid pgs. 86-87.

18 Ibid; pg. 87.

19 Ibid; pg. 89.

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24 Ibid; pgs. 48-49.

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29 Ibid; pg. 576.

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32 Segal, N. L. (2012). Born together – Reared apart: The landmark Minnesota Twin Study. Harvard University Press.

33 Bouchard, T. J., Lykken, D. T., McGue, M., Segal, N. L., & Tellegen, A. (1990). Sources of human psychological differences: The Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart. Science, 250(4978), 223-228. doi. org/10.1126/science.2218526

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41 Keirsey, D. (1998) Please understand me II. Prometheus Nemesis.

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45 Ibid

46 Daly, J. A. (2011). Personality and interpersonal communication. In M. L. Knapp & J. A. Daly (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of interpersonal communication (4th ed., pp. 131-167). Sage.

47 Ibid pg. 144.

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59 Ibid; pg. 332.

60 Booth-Butterfield, M., & Booth-Butterfield, S. (1996). Using your emotions: Improving the measurement of affective orientation. Communication Research Reports, 13(2), 157-163. doi. org/10.1080/08824099609362082

61 Ibid; pg. 159.

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95 Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss, Vol. 1: Attachment. Basic Books. Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss, Vol. 2: Separation. Basic Books. Bowlby, J. (I980). Attachment and loss, Vol. 3: Loss, sadness and depression. Basic Books.

96 Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss, Vol. 1: Attachment. Basic Books.

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99 Horney, K. (1937). The neurotic personality of our time. W. W. Norton and Company.

100 Ibid; pg. 135.

101 Ibid; pg. 136.

102 Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss, Vol. 1: Attachment. Basic Books. Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss, Vol. 2: Separation. Basic Books. Bowlby, J. (I980). Attachment and loss, Vol. 3: Loss, sadness and depression. Basic Books.

103 Downey, G., Freitas, A. L., Michaelis, B., & Khouri, H. (1998). The self-fulfilling prophecy in close relationships: Rejection sensitivity and rejection by romantic partners. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(2), 545-560. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.2.545

104 Downey, G., & Feldman, S. I. (1996). Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(6), 1327-1343. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.6.1327

End of Chapter Quiz Answer Key

1. C
2. D
3. D
4. B
5. C