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Social Sci LibreTexts

20: Glossary

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    234496

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    axon

    Projection of the nerve cell that extends out from the cell body and transmits messages to other neurons

    basal ganglia

    Located deep within the brain and one of the brain regions involved in the development and persistence of substance use disorders. This region is involved in learning routine behaviors and forming habits.

    cell body

    Core section of the neuron, which along with the nucleus controls the neuron’s activities.

    Clinically managed services

    Services directed by nonphysician addiction specialists rather than medical personnel.

    compulsivity

    Repetitive behaviors in the face of adverse consequences, and repetitive behaviors that are
    inappropriate to a particular situation. People suffering from compulsions often recognize that the behaviors are harmful, but they nonetheless feel emotionally compelled to perform them. Doing so reduces tension, stress, or anxiety.

    Dendrites

    Extension of the nerve cell that receives messages from the axons of other neurons

    extended amygdala

    Located beneath the basal ganglia and regulates the brains reactions to stress -including behavioral responses like “fight or flight” and negative emotions like unease, anxiety, and irritability.

    impulsivity

    An inability to resist urges,
    deficits in delaying gratification, and unreflective decision-making. It is a tendency to act without foresight or regard for consequences and to
    prioritize immediate rewards over longterm goals.

    levels of care

    The various types of addiction treatment provided based on clinical needs.Higher levels are associated with greater intensity of services.

    Medically managed services

    Services requiring daily medical care and 24-hour nursing.

    Medically monitored services

    Services provided by an interdisciplinary staff of nurses, counselors, social workers, addiction specialists, or other health and technical personnel under the direction of a licensed physician.

    negative reinforcement

    The process by which removal of a stimulus such as negative feelings or emotions increases the probability of a response like drug taking.

    neuroadaptations

    Progressive changes in the structure and function of the brain due to continued misuse of alcohol or other substances. This results in compromised brain function and moving from controlled, occasional substance use to chronic misuse.

    neurobiology

    The study of the anatomy, function, and diseases of the brain and nervous system.

    neurotransmitters

    Chemical messengers that provide communication between neurons, they can be excitatory (stimulate neuronal function) or inhibitory (prevents neuronal function)

    positive reinforcement

    The process by which presentation of a stimulus such as a drug increases the probability of a response like drug taking.

    positively reinforces

    The process by which presentation of a stimulus such as a drug increases the probability of a response like drug taking.

    prefrontal cortex

    Located at the very front of the brain, responsible for complex cognitive processes described as “executive function”

    synapse

    Gap between neurons where communication occurs between neurons