3.1: Time Management

Figure 32. Students manage their own study time. (2017). Note. Image by Andrey Grushnikov used under CC0 licence.

Introduction

Poor time management is a common challenge facing students in higher education. Avoiding this challenge can be accomplished through prioritisation and time management efforts. This chapter provides looks at time management and how to identify your time management style. You will learn how to conduct a time audit of your life and create a semester, weekly and daily plan. Following this, an examination of how to break up tasks into manageable time frames and tips from three proven time management strategies will help keep you on track to graduate from university on time.

Time Management at University

Time management at university can be very different from anything you have experienced previously. At university, time management is left up to you. While it is true that there are assignment due dates and organised classroom activities, learning at the university level requires more than just the simple completion of work. It involves decision-making and the ability to evaluate information. This is best accomplished when you are an active partner in your own learning activities.

You can expect to spend much more time on learning activities outside the classroom than you will in the classroom. Most courses have a workload of 120 hours each semester. This is a workload of 10-12 hours each week to attend or listen to lectures and tutorials, prepare for assessments, and to read study material. Some weeks may be more intense, depending on the time of the semester and the courses you are taking. Not only will you be learning on a larger scale, but the depth of understanding and knowledge you will put into it will be significantly more than you may have encountered previously. This is because there are greater expectations required of university graduates in the workplace. Nearly any profession that requires a university degree has with it a level of responsibility that demands higher-level thinking and therefore higher learning.

Identifying your Time Management Style

Managing time and prioritising tasks are not only valuable skills for pursuing an education, but they can become abilities that follow you through the rest of your life, especially if your career takes you into a leadership role (see Figure 11.2).

Figure 33. An online calendar is a very useful tool for keeping track of classes, meetings, and other events. Most learning management systems contain these features, or you can use a calendar application. (2021). Note. Image by OpenStax used under CC-BY 4.0 licence.

Table 9 is an exercise that is intended to help you recognise some things about your own time management style, and identify any areas where you might be able to improve. Think about the answer that best represents your position on each statement.

Table 9. Time management

Statement	Always	Usually	Sometimes	Rarely	Never
I like to be given strict deadlines for each task. It helps me stay organised and on track.
I would rather be 15 minutes early than one minute late.
I like to improvise instead of planning everything out ahead of time.
I prefer to be able to manage when and how I do each task.
I have a difficult time estimating how long a task will take.
I have more motivation when there is an upcoming deadline. It helps me focus.
I have difficulty keeping priorities in the most beneficial order.

When you have finished, consider what your answers mean in regard to potential strengths and/or challenges for you when it comes to time management in university. If you are a person who likes strict deadlines, what would you do if you took a course that only had one large paper due at the end? Would you set yourself a series of mini deadlines that made you more comfortable and that kept things moving along for you? Or, if you have difficulty prioritising tasks, would it help you to make a list of the tasks to do and order them, so you know which ones must be finished first?

Time Audit

The simple way to manage your time is to plan accurately for how much time it will take to do each task, and then set aside that amount of time. How you divide the time is up to you. If it is going to take you five hours to study for a final exam, you can plan to spread it over five days, with an hour each night, or you can plan on two hours one night and three hours the next.

This approach however relies on being able to estimate time accurately. To get organised and plan for the semester ahead, you will need to consider study and non-study commitments. Conduct an audit on how much time you spend on aspects of your daily life, include studying, working, sleeping, eating, caring for others, socialising, household chores and exercising. This will allow you to see where your time is going and where you could achieve some better balance for your life, work and study.

In this activity, write down all the things you think you will do tomorrow, and estimate the time you will spend doing each (see Table 10). Then track each thing you have written down to see how accurate your estimates were. After you have completed this activity for a single day, you may consider completing another time audit for an entire week so that you are certain to include all of your activities.

Table 10. Sample time estimate table

Daily activity	Estimate time	Actual time
Practice quiz	5 minutes	15 minutes
Lab conclusions	20 minutes	35 minutes
Food shopping	45 minutes	30 minutes
Drive to work	20 minutes	20 minutes
Work	4 hours	4 hours
Physical therapy	1 hour	50 minutes

Plan your Semester

Now that you have audited your time and you know how much time is required in all areas of your life you can now make a plan. It is important to view your time in three different ways

• semester plan
• weekly plan
• daily plan

Semester Plan

• Make a plan of the whole semester.
• Write in assignment due dates and exam blocks
• Write in class or lab attendance requirements
• Include other significant commitments, for example, work or family commitments

Weekly Plan

• Consider the tasks you need to complete each week
• Include all the expectations of your course such as weekly readings or tutorial preparation.
• Allocate time for exam preparation, tutorial preparation and time to work on upcoming assignments.

Daily Plan

• Write daily ‘to do’ lists
• Use time management apps on your phone to set reminders
• Allow for some flexibility

Breaking Tasks Down

Predicting how long a task will take is usually the most difficult part of time management. It is challenging to estimate accurately time spent on-task and to also account for interruptions or unforeseen problems that cause delays. When it comes to academic activities, many tasks can be dependent upon the completion of other things first, or the time a task takes can vary from one instance to another. For example, if a lecturer assigned you three chapters of reading, you would not know how long each chapter might take to read until you looked at them. The first chapter might be 30 pages long while the second is 45. The third chapter could be only 20 pages but made up mostly of charts and graphs for you to compare. By page count, it might seem that the third chapter would take the least amount of time, but actually studying charts and graphs to gather information can take longer than regular reading.

The next strategy discussed, is to break tasks into smaller, more manageable units that do not require as much time to complete. As an example, imagine you are assigned a two-page essay that is to include references. You estimate that to complete the essay would take you between four and five hours. You look at your calendar over the next week and see that there are no open five-hour blocks. While looking at your calendar, you do see that you can squeeze in an hour every night. Instead of trying to write the entire paper in one sitting, you break it up into much smaller components as shown in the table below (see Table 11).

Table 11. Breaking down projects into even small chunks.

	Monday	Tuesday	Wednesday	Thursday	Friday	Saturday	Sunday
8:00 a.m. –10:00 a.m.		Work		Work			Work
10:00 a.m – 12:00 p.m	Algebra	Work	Algebra	Work	Algebra	10 a.m. – 11 a.m. only if needed	Work
12:00 p.m. – 2:00 p.m.	Lunch/study	1pm English comp	Lunch/study	1pm English comp	Lunch/study	Family picnic
2:00 p.m. – 4:00 p.m	History	English comp	History	English comp	History	Family picnic
4:00 p.m. – 6:00 p.m.	Study for algebra quiz	Grocery	Study for history exam	Study for history exam	Research 5 p.m. -6 p.m. Rewrite and polish final draft	Family picnic	Laundry
6:00 p.m – 7:00 p.m	Write outline: look for references	Research references to support outline; look for good quotes	Research presentation project	Write second page and closing draft	Create presentation	Meet with Darcy	Prepare university stuff for next week
7:00 p.m. – 8:00 p.m.	Free time	Free time	Write paper introduction and first page draft	Research presentation project	Create presentation		Free time

Or you could use a variation of the Pomodoro Technique discussed in the next section and write for three 20-minute segments each day at different times. The key is to look for ways to break down the entire task into smaller steps and spread them out to fit your schedule.

Three Strategies for Time Management

Figure 34. The Pomodoro Technique is named after a type of kitchen timer, but you can use any clock or countdown timer. (2017). Note. Image by Marco Verch used under CC BY 2.0 licence.

Here are three time management strategies that you can try:

• Daily Top Three,
• Pomodoro Technique, and
• Eat the Frog.

Daily Top Three

For the daily top three strategy, decide which three things are the most important to finish that day, and these become the tasks that you complete. It is a very simple technique that is effective because each day you are finishing tasks and removing them from your list. Even if you took one day off a week and completed no tasks on that particular day, a daily topthree strategy would have you finishing 18 tasks in the course of a single week. That is a good number of things crossed off your list.

Pomodoro Technique

The Pomodoro Technique allows you to tackle one task at a time with high intensity before taking a short-timed break, and then repeating this process. The Pomodoro Technique recommends 25 minutes of work and then a five-minute break, and after two hours of this, a longer break of 15-30 minutes (Cirillo, n.d). Be flexible in your approach, for example you don’t have to stop after 25 minutes if you are working well, or you may restart your 25 minutes if you get distracted. To make the most of this technique, plan your tasks ahead of time and be specific about what you want to achieve during each time block.

Figure 35. The Pomodoro Technique contains five defined steps. (2021). Note. Image by OpenStax used under CC-BY 4.0 licence.

Eat the Frog

The Eatthefrog strategy comes from a quote attributed to Mark Twain: “Eat a live frog first thing in the morning and nothing worse will happen to you the rest of the day.” In time management this is based on the concept that if a person takes care of the biggest or most unpleasant task first, everything else will be easier after that.

We underestimate how much worry can impact our performance. If you are continually distracted by anxiety over a task you are dreading, it can affect the task you are working on at the time. When the task you are concerned with is finished, you will you have a sense of accomplishment and relief, and other tasks will seem lighter and not as difficult.

Conclusion

Managing your time effectively while you are studying at university can mean the difference between success and failure. By managing your time and using some positive strategies, you can give yourself the best possible chance of successful study outcomes.

Key points

• Time management at university level is up to you.
• Expect to spend more time on learning outside of the classroom than you will inside the classroom.
• Identify your time management style to help you create deadlines.
• Consider study and non-study commitments when auditing your time to help you to see where your time goes.
• Plan your semester first, add weekly tasks, and then make a ‘to do’ list for daily tasks.
• Break large tasks into small blocks of time which will fit into your schedule.
• Use the Daily Top Three to write down three tasks that are important to finish that day.
• Use the Pomodoro Technique to work on one task for a 25-minute period. then take a five-minute break then repeat until you have been working for two hours.
• Use Eat the Frog to take care of the biggest task first so that everything else seems easier after that.

References

Cirillo, F. (n.d). The Pomodoro Technique. Cirillo Consulting. https://francescocirillo.com/pages/pomodoro-technique