Chapter 8: Corrections
- Page ID
- 328895
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- 8.1: A Brief History of The Philosophies of Punishment
- This page examines U.S. homicide statistics, noting that reported figures often omit prison deaths, which were around 3,927 in 2014. It discusses the diverse reasons for these deaths, including homicides, and emphasizes the significance of Mortality in Correctional Institutions (MCI) data. Managed by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the page suggests that the voluntary reporting system may contribute to underreporting of fatalities in prisons.
- 8.2: Retribution
- This page discusses retribution, a historical philosophy of punishment that advocates for penalties proportionate to the severity of crimes, largely ignoring individual differences, save for mental state and moral accountability. It aims for justice by ensuring equivalent punishments for similar offenses, making it "backward-looking" as it focuses on rectifying past wrongs rather than deterring future behavior.
- 8.3: Deterrence
- This page explores the evolution of punishment theories, particularly deterrence, which aims to reduce recidivism by threatening or imposing sanctions. It differentiates between specific deterrence, aimed at individuals, and general deterrence, which influences the wider community. The importance of certainty, celerity, and severity in deterrence is emphasized, referencing Cesare Beccaria's view that effective punishment must outweigh the benefits of crime to deter offending behavior.
- 8.5: Rehabilitation
- This page explores rehabilitation in the correctional system, tracing its historical roots and examining its distinct role among correctional ideologies. It reflects on the Elmira Reformatory's influence in questioning rehabilitation's effectiveness and stresses the need for empirical evaluation.
- 8.6: Prisons and Jails
- This page examines the history and development of prisons and jails in the United States, highlighting different types and their management. It promotes critical thinking by raising questions regarding their historical origins and operational methods. The aim is to deepen understanding of the U.S. correctional system, focusing on structural and functional similarities and differences among early jails and state prisons.
- 8.7: A Brief History of Prisons and Jails
- This page explores the historical evolution of jails in the U.S., originating from County-level jails in England and managed by County Sheriffs. It highlights the first purpose-built jail, the Walnut Street Jail, established around 1790, and notes the current estimate of approximately 3,300 jails, considering influences like youth detention and private facilities that complicate exact counts.
- 8.8: Types of Jails
- This page compares older generation jails with linear layouts to newer generation jails that utilize a podular design. It notes the advantages of newer designs, such as direct supervision, which fosters closer interactions between staff and detainees and minimizes barriers.
- 8.9: Who Goes to Jail?
- This page examines the varied categories of incarcerated individuals, including those accused and convicted of crimes, as well as those awaiting trial, on parole, or in transfer. It covers first-time and repeat offenders, juveniles, individuals with mental health issues, chronic substance abusers, military detainees, and those in protective custody, emphasizing the complexity and diverse circumstances surrounding incarceration.
- 8.10: Growth of Prisons in the United States
- This page examines the design and historical importance of the Eastern State Penitentiary in U.S. prison architecture. It highlights its establishment in Pennsylvania, features a 1855 lithograph, and discusses the significant increase and evolution of prisons in the U.S. from 1900 to 2000.
- 8.11: Types of Prisons
- This page explores the types of prisons in the U.S., including state, federal, and private prisons, with a focus on California's CDCR and its 34 institutions. It mentions the GEO Group's management of 136 private facilities and notes that about half of U.S. states utilize private prisons. Additional resources and maps are provided for further exploration of the corrections systems.
- 8.12: Prison Levels
- This page explains the classification of prisons by security levels, outlining minimum, low, medium, high, and super-max facilities. Minimum prisons accommodate non-violent offenders in dormitory settings, while higher levels house violent inmates in individual cells with longer sentences. Super-max facilities isolate high-risk inmates significantly. It also covers intake centers that classify offenders after conviction, assigning them to suitable facilities based on risk assessments.