4.8: Review Questions
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1.
Infants begin to form their identity when they first realize the difference between which of the following?
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their feet and hands
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animals and people
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daytime and nighttime
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themselves and others
2 .
What does a fourteen-month-old infant typically do when they look at themselves in a mirror?
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touch their nose
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show either wariness or openness
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touch their ears
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wave at their reflection
3.
Which of the following is a component of gender identity and not biological sex?
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preference for toys
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genetic expression
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prenatal hormones
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external genitalia
4 .
What is a temperamental trait linked with low or high interest or nervousness in new situations and places?
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activity
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distractibility
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intensity
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adaptability
5.
When researchers say that temperament is largely genetic, what claim are they making about it?
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Temperament is based on environment.
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Temperament is biologically innate.
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Temperament changes regularly.
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Temperament is learned.
6 .
In what important way does Erikson's psychosocial theory differ from Freud’s psychosexual theory?
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Erikson focuses on biological satisfaction; Freud does not.
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Erikson examines development only in infancy; Freud examines the entire lifespan.
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Erikson discusses both psychological and social bonds; Freud only looks at social bonds.
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Erikson states that earlier dilemmas cannot be revisited; Freud says that they can.
7.
If an infant is picked up and cared for as needed by a trusted adult in the first year of life, what are they likely to develop, according to Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development?
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trust
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mistrust
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autonomy
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shame
8 .
What is a primary emotion connected with wanting to overcome an obstacle?
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joy
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sadness
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anger
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fear
9.
Which choice is one of the six states of arousal that is experienced by newborns?
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angry
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happy
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deep sleep
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laughing
10 .
Which emotion regulation strategy consists of covering your eyes and turning away?
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attentional distraction
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escape behavior
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self-soothing
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attention-seeking behavior
11.
What type of attachment is displayed by an infant who is indifferent to their caregiver’s leaving and returning?
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ambivalent
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secure
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avoidant
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disorganized
12 .
At what stage of attachment do toddlers start to tolerate separation from their primary caregiver?
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indiscriminate social responsiveness
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discriminating sociability
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specific, enduring affective bonds
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goal-corrected partnerships
13.
What is social referencing?
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becoming distressed when a caregiver goes away
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imitating a caregiver when they are in another room
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using a caregiver’s emotion to navigate a new situation
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showing a preference for unfamiliar social interactions
14 .
What type of family includes stepparents?
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nuclear family
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single-parent family
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intergenerational family
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blended family
15.
In what type of childcare do providers welcome other children into their homes?
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home day care
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family care
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center care
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nanny care
16 .
What level of ecological influence includes broad cultural components such as religion and geography?
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chronosystem
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macrosystem
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exosystem
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mesosystem