5.8: Review Questions
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1.
What is a cause of stunting in children?
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prenatal exposure to lead
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poor sleep
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inadequate nutrition
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maternal stress
2 .
Where are food deserts most frequently found?
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in lower-income inner-city and rural areas
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Pacific Northwest in the United States
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throughout major parts of Asia (the Gobi Desert) and Africa (the Sahara)
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in farming areas with restricted water supplies
3.
For how many hours does the average preschool child sleep in a 24-hour period?
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7–8 hours
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9–10 hours
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10–13 hours
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13–15 hours
4 .
Sports equipment, open spaces, and playground structures should be available in early childhood to facilitate the development of ________.
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gross motor skills
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cephalocaudal growth
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fine motor skill development
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right handedness
5.
The improvement in motor skills typically observed during early childhood are facilitated by an increase in
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the branching of dendrites
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the number of neurons
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myelination of neural axons
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branching of axons
6 .
What physical activity recommendation does the World Health Organization make to ensure good overall development in children between three and four years of age?
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three hours a week of aerobic activity that keeps the heartrate above 120 beats per minute
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two hours of activity for every one hour of sedentary behavior, with that activity a mixture of aerobic and anaerobic tasks
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three hours of moderate activity for every one hour of sedentary behavior, with an emphasis on anaerobic tasks
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three hours per day in a variety of physical activities, at least sixty minutes of moderate intensity
7.
What does research recommend about the way children, regardless of individual or group differences, should be supported in motor behavior?
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All children, regardless of sex or physical disability differences, should be equally provided with opportunities and support for motor development.
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Motor behavior developmental support should be provided less for children with physical disabilities than for children without them to avoid developing reliance on extra assistance.
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Girls should receive more support in gross motor activities and boys should receive more support in fine motor activities to make up for biological differences.
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All children, regardless of sex or physical disability differences, can develop without support for motor behavior because it will happen automatically.
8 .
As a new kindergarten teacher, you have a classroom full of children between five and six years of age. What similarities or difference ranges should you expect from the children's cognitive milestones?
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low achievements in math and a wider range of language abilities
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a wide range of skills in all cognitive areas
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high achievement in all areas
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similar achievements in language and a wider range of math abilities
9.
Children at the beginning of Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development children are thought to ________.
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engage in sophisticated abstract thought
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rely on sensory information and motor movement to learn about the world
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think in an increasingly logical way that emphasizes tangible objects
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lack logical and reversible mental actions known as operations
10 .
In contrast to Piaget’s stage theory of cognitive development, what does the information processing theory say about cognition?
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Cognition shows smooth quantitative development.
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Cognitive capacity is somewhat limited and predetermined at birth.
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Cognition shows specific qualitative changes.
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Cognition has certain environmental limits.
11.
The sociocultural theory of cognitive development views cognitive development as a continuous process centered on a child’s ________.
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inherited capabilities
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social and cultural influences
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stages of psychosocial development
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grasp of centration and conservation
12 .
In contrast to Vygotsky’s sociocultural view of cognitive development, what does Piaget’s stage theory assert is the most significant factor in acquiring the necessary skills to begin formal schooling?
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maturation
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values
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culture
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socialization
13.
According to research conducted by Hart and Risley, how can families increase their children’s language skills?
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by having children watch more children’s television programs
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by talking to children more frequently
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by providing more stimulating toys
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by serving more nutritious meals
14 .
What are the smallest units of language that have meaning?
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syntaxes
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phonemes
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morphemes
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modifiers
15.
What appears to be the most important environmental variable in the development of language in children?
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parents’ marital status
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family income level
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a language-rich environment
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cerebral volume
16 .
What has been learned through research on children who do not receive typical language stimulation during early childhood, such as the case of Genie?
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Language development is most important to pursue after children begin speaking at around one year old.
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Language development is most important to pursue after children begin speaking in sentences at two years of age.
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With enough stimulation, optimal language development can occur even if it begins during the teenage years.
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Language exposure throughout infancy and early children is essential for optimal language development.
17.
What characteristic is shared by semantics, syntax, and pragmatics?
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They strongly affect cognitive and socioemotional development.
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They strongly affect cognitive, socioemotional, and physical development
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They strongly affect cognitive and physical development
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They strongly affect physical and socioemotional development
18 .
What play differences should be recommended for children based on their gender identity or sex assigned at birth?
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None; all genders and sexes benefit from play in similar ways.
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More physical play should be recommended to boys than to girls.
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More imagination play should be recommended to girls than to boys.
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Children should only play in same-gender or same-sex groups until adolescence.
19.
Play in early childhood primarily promotes what aspect(s) of development?
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physical development
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physical and psychosocial development
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physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development
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physical and cognitive development
20 .
What type of play requires that children fully engage with both the activity and the person they are playing with?
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associative play
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parallel play
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cooperative play
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solitary play
21.
In what type of play do children play separately from each other but engage in similar activities?
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associative play
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parallel play
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solitary play
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unoccupied play