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authoritarian parenting
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strict parenting style that focuses on obedience, authority, and following rules
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authoritative parenting
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democratic parenting style that focuses on communication, empathy, warmth, and responsibility along with moderate to high levels of structure
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autism spectrum disorder
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neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties in social communication and interaction as well as “restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior”
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Big Five Factors
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trait theory of personality that describes differences along the five spectrums of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness
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emotion coaching
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parenting strategies and techniques that promote emotion development, including emotional intelligence and emotion regulation
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emotional intelligence
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self-regulatory and interpersonal skills that allow us to understand the emotional states and needs of ourselves and others
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ethnic-racial identity development
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set of theories in which children understand their ethnicity through stages of labeling, knowledge, and constancy
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free play
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unstructured time in which children can choose their own activities
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gender constancy
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third milestone in gender schema theory in which children understand that gender is stable and does not change based on clothes, hairstyle, or temporary experimentation with gender roles
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gender schema theory
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theory in which children understand their gender through stages of labeling, stability, and consistency
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gender stability
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second milestone in gender schema theory in which children understand that boys grow up to be men and girls grow up to be women
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impulse control
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ability to consider long-term goals rather than short-term pleasures
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initiative versus guilt
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third stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development theory in which children learn to reach out and approach others and take responsibility in novel situations, or to fail to take responsibility and avoid social interactions
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media diet
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range, type, and amount of information people consume through mass media outlets
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metacognition
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ability to think about your own thinking, or to contemplate your memories, emotions, or motivations
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neurodiversity
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any psychological, emotional, cognitive, or sensory experience that is different from the majority
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parenting style
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way in which a caregiver provides structure, feedback, and emotional support for a child
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permissive parenting
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generous and warm parenting style that focuses on keeping a child content and joyful but does not provide a lot of structure or rules
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personality
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stable and enduring construct that describes our unique behavioral, emotional, and cognitive ways of being across contexts
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prosocial behavior
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socially competent behaviors such as sharing, helping, and cooperating
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proximity
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circumstances that include children living, attending school or extracurricular activities close together
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self-concept
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ideas we have about ourselves, and the words, pictures, and feelings we use to describe ourselves
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self-esteem
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evaluation of our self, determined either through social acceptance or social comparisons
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self-regulation
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ability to calm and de-escalate our heightened emotions and to express situationally appropriate emotions
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similarity
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shared characteristics or interests such as matching hobbies, interests, appearances, or emotional temperaments
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social comparisons
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evaluations of self and others in order to rank-order or judge
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structured play
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play in which children follow an adult-led activity or game
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uninvolved parenting
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distant parenting style in which children are given little structure, attention, or warmth