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attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
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neurodevelopmental disorder that includes symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity and deficits in executive functions
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balanced literacy approach
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approach to teaching reading that combines elements of the phonics-based and whole language approaches
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concrete operational thinking
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third stage of Piaget’s theory on cognitive development during which children begin to understand basic cognitive principles and concepts such as cause and effect, relationships, size, and distance
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constructivism
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idea that students play an active role in acquiring knowledge by constructing it through experience, rather than just passively receiving information
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crystallized intelligence
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existing knowledge that individuals have developed during their life through education and experience
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dyscalculia
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learning disability that involves difficulties in math
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dysgraphia
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learning disability that involves difficulties in writing
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dyslexia
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learning disability that involves difficulties in reading
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exceptional learner
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child who has one or more of a variety of special learning needs
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fluid intelligence
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ability to use logic and to solve problems in new ways
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Flynn effect
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effect that describes the significant increases of scores on intelligence tests over time
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general intelligence factor (g)
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general cognitive factor that underlies multiple cognitive skills
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giftedness
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variation in intelligence marked by cognitive flexibility, cognitive performance, specific ability areas, and an IQ above 130, may be referred to by other terms
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individualized education program (IEP)
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written plan that spells out the specific educational goals and services that have been individualized for a student with a disability
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intellectual disability
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disability that consists of limits in intellectual functioning, often indicated by an IQ score less than 70 and challenges in adaptive functioning
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intelligence
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description of an individual’s ability to adapt to the world around them
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intelligence quotient (IQ)
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score used to quantify human intelligence
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learning disability
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condition that impacts learning in a specific academic area
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least-restrictive environment
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principle that states that all children with a disability should receive general education in an environment that is as similar as possible to the one for children without disabilities
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mental age
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age at which a person is performing based on an intelligence test
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metacognition
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knowledge about how we think and learn and how we use that awareness to become better thinkers and learners
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metalinguistic awareness
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awareness of the qualities of language, allowing individuals to think about and evaluate language
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metamemory
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understanding of how memory works
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phonics approach
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approach to teaching language that teaches children to translate letters into sounds and to combine individual sounds to form words
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self-efficacy
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individual’s confidence in their ability to successfully solve a problem or complete a task
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seriation
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ability to put objects in order, such as by size or color
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triarchic theory of intelligence
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theory of intelligence that proposes that there are three types of intelligence: analytical, creative and practical
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whole-language approach
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approach to teaching reading that uses natural context such as books rather than focusing on the sounds that make up words