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altruism
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type of prosocial behavior involving acts of kindness even when at a cost
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anxiety
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disorder characterized by excessive and persistent fear and anxious feelings, and by related disturbances in behavior
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average child
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child who receives a smaller number of both positive and negative nominations
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bullying
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repetitive pattern of aggression in which a person with more power harms another with less
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classroom climate
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emotional culture of the learning environment
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controversial child
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child who receives a high number of positive and negative nominations
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coping strategy
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technique for overcoming stress
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depression
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mood disorder involving feelings of sadness that are disruptive and can make functioning difficult for individuals
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emotional display rule
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culturally and context-specific defined social rule for outwardly displaying emotion
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empathy
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complex emotional state requiring an understanding of the perspective and emotional states of others as well as caring about others and mirroring their emotions
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externalizing behavior
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behavior that is negative or harmful and external to a person, including aggressive behavior, rule breaking, and other negative behaviors that are more social or interpersonal
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industry versus inferiority
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Erikson’s fourth psychosocial stage of development, describing the way children construct their sense of success and accomplishment in work tasks, such as school
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internalizing behavior
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behavior that is negative or harmful and internal to a person, including feeling withdrawn or lonely, anxious or depressed, and/or having related physical health issues
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peer-neglected child
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child who receives a low number of both positive and negative nominations
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physical aggression
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inflicting of intentional harm on others or property, or the intimidation of or threat of harm to people and property
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popular child
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child who receives a high number of positive nominations, a low number of negative nominations, and is well liked in their classroom
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positive youth development (PYD)
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movement that aims to understand and promote predictors of well-being, thriving, and prosocial development in childhood and beyond
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proactive aggression
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aggression that is intentional and committed to harm others
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reactive aggression
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unplanned aggression that happens in response to either a real or imagined provocation
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rejected child
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child who receives a low number of positive nominations and a high number of negative nominations and might be actively excluded
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relational aggression
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behaviors that are intended to hurt social relationships such as intentional exclusion, spreading of rumors, betrayal of friendships, and manipulative control
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resilience
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ability to successfully adapt and respond to stressful events
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social competence
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skill used to understand and respond to the differing expectations of various contexts and audiences
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sympathy
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awareness of how the other might be feeling, in addition to a motivation to do something for the other person