15.8: Review Questions
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1.
According to the free radical theory, what contributes to physical aging?
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accelerating cellular clocks
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shortening of telomeres
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unstable oxygen molecules
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genetics influences
2 .
________ is an age-related decline in bone mass, while ________ is an age-related loss of muscles mass.
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osteoporosis; sarcopenia
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arthritis; presbyopia
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sarcopenia; osteoporosis
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presbyopia; arthritis
3.
Cognitive decline that is associated with dementia is an example of what type of aging?
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normative
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primary
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secondary
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tertiary
4 .
What is one of the most significant predictors of life expectancy in the United States?
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body mass index
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cultural background
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intelligence
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socioeconomic status
5.
Older adults are more likely to experience ________ conditions but less likely to experience ________ conditions.
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acute; chronic
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respiratory; heart
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heart; respiratory
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chronic; acute
6 .
What is the relationship between age and the likelihood of experiencing anxiety and depression?
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Anxiety and depression are both more common and more devastating for older adults.
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Older adults are at increased risk of depression but less likely to experience anxiety.
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Older adults are at increased risk of anxiety but less likely to experience depression.
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Both depression and anxiety become less common in older age.
7.
According to recent data (2020–2021), which chronic condition was the leading cause of death in the United States for people over age forty-five years?
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cancer
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COVID-19
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heart disease
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complications of diabetes
8 .
What is a characteristic of autobiographical memories?
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They include episodic memories only.
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They tend to get more positive with age.
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They include semantic memories only.
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They are very high in accuracy.
9.
Which type of memory does not appear to be affected by aging?
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short-term
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working
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episodic
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implicit
10 .
Which type of memory has been found to overlap considerably with crystallized intelligence even though retrieval problems may increase with age?
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episodic
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autobiographical
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flashbulb
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semantic
11.
What is the most common type of dementia, accounting for 50 to 70 percent of dementia cases?
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Alzheimer’s disease
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Lewy body dementia
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dementia due to Parkinson’s disease
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vascular dementia
12 .
What term describes general cognitive decline that is more severe than normative but below the threshold for a dementia-related diagnosis?
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amnestic delirium
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transient ischemic attack
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cerebrovascular accident
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mild cognitive impairment
13.
In what type of dementia can cognitive declines stop and later improve if the underlying cause of symptoms is identified and treated?
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Alzheimer’s disease
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Lewy body dementia
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Parkinson’s disease
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vascular dementia
14 .
The primary neurological changes associated with Alzheimer’s disease are the formation of which of the following?
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Lewy bodies and Golgi snares
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amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
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meninges and neuroblastomas
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bacterial and viral infections
15.
Increased activity in the ________ lobe may be an early indicator of Alzheimer’s disease as this part of the brain tries to compensate for damage in other areas.
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parietal
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temporal
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frontal
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occipital
16 .
How can we best describe the declines associated with normative cognitive aging?
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large global declines that make it difficult for older adults to function without help
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arising only after dementia symptoms become obvious
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subtle and typically not interfering with the ability to live independently
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abrupt transitions from high functioning to low functioning
17.
Characteristics that protect against dementia by delaying onset and reducing symptoms are known as which of the following?
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cognitive reserve
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neurological redundancy
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neuroplasticity
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synaptic pruning
18 .
When solving problems, older adults tend to use ________ abilities, while younger adults tend to use ________ abilities.
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fluid; crystallized
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crystallized; fluid
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convergent; divergent
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divergent; convergent
19.
Research has found that as much as 40 percent of dementia cases were caused by
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telomere death and free readical acceleration in the brain
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abnormalities in endocrine functioning and hormonal disruption
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sleep inadequacies, like insomnia and obstructive apnea
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modifiable behaviors, like high blood pressure and obesity