8.10: Multiple Choice

8.1 The Chemical Senses are Several Distinct Sensory Systems

1.

Food with an umami flavor likely contains which essential nutrient?

1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins and Amino Acids
3. Fats
4. Ions and electrolytes

8.2 The Gustatory System

2 .

Which statement about papillae is false?

1. Filiform papillae are cone-shaped, lack taste buds, and are found on the top surface of the tongue.
2. Fungiform papillae are mushroom-shaped and can be found scattered over the surface on the tongue; taste buds are located on top of their smooth domes.
3. Foliate papillae are found in the pharynx and lack in taste buds.
4. Circumvallate papillae are found lining the anterior surface of the tongue.

3.

Which statement about bitter taste compounds is false?

1. Bitter taste molecules include cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol
2. Many bitter molecules have physiological or psychoactive effects on animals that could be potentially dangerous
3. Bitter taste molecules activate G-protein-coupled receptors
4. The bitter taste sensation is caused by acidic, low pH foods

4 .

Cells that express Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) are stimulated by blue light. In a transgenic mouse that co-express ChR2 with T1R3, shinning blue light on the tongue would cause the mouse to experience which taste modalities?

1. The mouse would experience the sensations of sweet and umami taste simultaneously.
2. The mouse would not experience any taste sensations.
3. The mouse would experience the sensations of sweet, bitter, and umami taste simultaneously.
4. The mouse would experience the sensations of salty and sour simultaneously.

5.

Which of the following is NOT a proposed taste modality?

1. Fatty
2. Metallic
3. Floral
4. Kokumi/richness

6 .

Which statement about olfactory coding is false?

1. Cross-fiber pattern coding allows for a few receptors or lines to encode many modalities (as in the olfactory system), while labeled line coding requires a discrete circuit or line for each possible modality.
2. In labeled line coding a stimulus triggers the most efficient response through a discrete pathway or circuit starting from a specific type of receptor cells to specific neurons that pass to higher and higher brain regions where a single sensory modality is represented by activity in this “line” of cells.
3. In cross-fiber pattern coding, there is no overlap between the neurons activated by both stimuli
4. In cross-fiber pattern coding a stimulus triggers activity in multiple circuits or “lines” which together encodes for a particular sensory modality.

7.

All of the following nerves conduct gustatory information into the nucleus of the solitary tract, except:

1. the olfactory nerve.
2. the facial nerve.
3. the vagus nerve.
4. the glossopharyngeal nerve.

8 .

If drinking sweetened hot chocolate causes a sucrose-oriented NTS neuron to fire action potentials at a high rate, predict the pattern of action potentials fired by the same neuron when drinking cold chocolate milk containing a similar amount of sugar.

1. The neuron will likely fire at a higher rate when drinking cold chocolate milk.
2. The neuron will not fire when drinking cold chocolate milk.
3. The neuron will likely fire at the same rate when drinking cold chocolate milk.
4. The neuron will likely fire at a lower rate when drinking cold chocolate milk.

9.

Conscious perception of taste occurs in the primary gustatory cortex, which is located in the ________.

1. ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus (VPMpc)
2. piriform cortex
3. anterior insular cortex
4. orbitofrontal cortex

10 .

Where in the brain are gustatory signals integrated with sensations of fullness or satiety?

1. Pyriform cortex
2. Caudolateral section of the orbitofrontal cortex
3. Amygdala
4. Hippocampus

8.3 The Olfactory System

11.

Which is not a behavior that is mediated by the olfactory system?

1. Navigation
2. Mate selection
3. Body position
4. Nutrient finding

12 .

The primary sensory organ for the olfactory system is called the olfactory ______?

1. Retina
2. Tympanic membrane
3. Cortex
4. Epithelium

13.

Which cells are the output neurons of the olfactory bulb?

1. Hair cells and Glia
2. Mitral cells and Tufted cells
3. Mueller cells and Pyramidal cells
4. Interneurons and Dopaminergic cells

14 .

Olfactory information crosses between the hemispheres of the brain at which structure?

1. The anterior olfactory nucleus
2. The piriform cortex
3. The olfactory bulb
4. The olfactory epithelium

15.

What division of the chemical senses is dedicated to communication and pheromone detection?

1. The main olfactory system
2. The tertiary olfactory system
3. The partial olfactory system
4. The accessory olfactory system

16 .

The inability to smell is called:

1. anosmia
2. parosmia
3. smell deafness
4. smell blindness

17.

The Covid-19 virus primarily targets which cell type in the olfactory epithelium?

1. Olfactory sensory neurons
2. Supporting cells
3. Glial cells
4. Basal cells

18 .

An ____ is a physical part of the environment, while an ______ is the perception of a stimulus.

1. Odorant; Olfaction
2. Odor; Odorant
3. Odorant: Odor
4. Sensation; Molecule

19.

______ mediates the emotional aspect of olfactory perception.

1. The amygdala
2. The olfactory bulb
3. The entorhinal cortex
4. The olfactory trace

20 .

Social odorants are detected by the ______ olfactory systems in humans.

1. main
2. secondary
3. accessory
4. general

21.

Each glomerulus receives input from how many subtype(s) of olfactory sensory neurons?

1. One
2. At least 10
3. Zero
4. At least 100

22 .

________ cells in the olfactory bulb respond to lower concentrations of odorants and are more broadly tuned to odorants than ________ cells.

1. Olfactory sensory / granule
2. Granule / tufted
3. Mitral / olfactory sensory
4. Tufted / mitral

8.4 Chemethesis, Spices, and Solitary Chemosensory Cells

23.

Which of the following chemicals activates TRPV1 to create the sensation of noxious heat (about 43C)?

1. Capsaicin
2. AITC
3. Menthol
4. Mustard Oil

24 .

Which of the following protective mechanisms is NOT triggered when solitary chemosensory cells are stimulated by acyl-homoserine lactones?

1. Recruitment of local epithelial defenses
2. Release of pro-inflammatory neuropeptides
3. Sneezing and coughing
4. Fever