13: Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence
- Page ID
- 219758
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- 13.1: Why It Matters- Disorders of Childhood and Adolescense
- This page highlights the impact of childhood and adolescent mental and developmental disorders on well-being and the challenges they pose for global health systems, particularly in low- to middle-income countries. These disorders can lead to long-term issues in adulthood and are often linked to child maltreatment.
- 13.2: Introduction to Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- This page discusses neurodevelopmental disorders diagnosed in childhood, such as ADHD and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). ADHD is characterized by inattention and hyperactivity, influenced by genetic and neurobiological factors. ASD involves social, communication deficits, and repetitive behaviors, also shaped by genetic and environmental factors. It clarifies that the belief connecting autism to MMR vaccination is unsupported by evidence.
- 13.3: Intellectual Disabilities
- This page explores the concept of intelligence and its measurement through IQ tests, defining intellectual disabilities (ID) as an IQ below 70 alongside adaptive behavior deficits. It discusses the distinction between syndromic and non-syndromic forms, and the legal implications of ID in capital punishment.
- 13.4: Etiology and Treatment for Intellectual Developmental Disorders
- This page discusses the causes and management of intellectual disabilities, highlighting genetic factors like Down syndrome and environmental influences such as maternal toxins. Management strategies include early intervention, educational support, and individualized treatment plans. Approaches emphasize screenings, behavioral therapy, vocational training, and family education. Government resources and medications assist in treatment, with differential diagnoses considered.
- 13.5: Communication Disorders
- This page covers communication disorders that affect language and speech understanding, as classified by the DSM-5 into five types: language disorder, speech sound disorder, stuttering, social (pragmatic) communication disorder, and unspecified communication disorder. It discusses developmental language disorder's varied causes, including genetic factors, and details treatment approaches like speech therapy.
- 13.6: Autism Spectrum Disorder
- This page discusses the debunked myth linking vaccinations to autism, highlighting the consensus among health experts that vaccines are safe. Despite this, many parents still express concern, influenced by public figures perpetuating the false narrative. Autism is presented as a complex condition stemming from genetic and environmental factors, with early diagnosis being critical for improved outcomes.
- 13.7: Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
- This page discusses Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting around 5% of children, particularly boys. Key symptoms include inattention and hyperactivity. ADHD's persistence into adulthood is linked to academic difficulties and substance abuse. It is influenced by genetic and neurological factors, especially dopamine regulation. Treatments include medications and behavioral therapies.
- 13.8: Specific Learning Disorder
- This page discusses specific learning disorders, or learning disabilities, which impact learning in areas such as reading, mathematics, and writing. Diagnosed per DSM-5 criteria since 2013, these disorders arise independently of other medical conditions. Commonly comorbid with ADHD, factors like heredity and prenatal issues contribute to their development.
- 13.9: Introduction to Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders
- This page examines disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders in children, highlighting conduct disorder and oppositional defiance disorder. It discusses the identification of symptoms, epidemiology, individual case presentations, and potential causes of these disorders, which are marked by irritability and defiance.
- 13.10: Conduct Disorder
- Conduct disorder (CD) is a mental disorder in children and adolescents characterized by persistent antisocial behavior, affecting around 51.1 million globally. Symptoms include aggression and deceitfulness, with higher prevalence in boys and incarcerated youth. Risk factors encompass harsh parenting and exposure to violence, while comorbidities like ADHD are common. Treatment focuses on comprehensive assessment and therapy, particularly cognitive-behavioral approaches.
- 13.11: Oppositional Defiant Disorder
- This page discusses Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), highlighting its symptoms, diagnosis, and prevalence, which is about 3.3% and more common in boys. ODD is influenced by genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors, with specific risk factors identified. Cultural prevalence is consistent, with diagnostic criteria changes across DSM versions impacting reports. Treatment includes parent management training and therapy, with limited evidence for medication effectiveness.
- 13.12: Motor Disorders
- This page discusses various motor disorders, including developmental coordination disorder (DCD), stereotypic movement disorder (SMD), and tic disorders like Tourette syndrome, all of which involve involuntary movements due to nervous system issues. Child prevalence and management strategies are highlighted, noting the lack of cures and the importance of behavioral therapy.
- 13.13: Elimination Disorders
- This page discusses pediatric elimination disorders, specifically enuresis and encopresis. Enuresis, or bedwetting, affects children over five, while encopresis involves bowel incontinence in children over four. Treatment for enuresis includes urine alarms and home therapy, while encopresis is treated with biofeedback, toilet training, and dietary changes. Both disorders are influenced by psychological factors.
- 13.14: Introduction to Perspectives and Treatments Related to Childhood Disorders
- This page emphasizes the significance of psychological approaches in treating childhood disorders, advocating for early intervention to help children manage mental health issues. It highlights the influence of various theoretical frameworks on treatment methods and promises to explore diverse perspectives on neurodevelopmental disorders for enhanced understanding.
- 13.15: Perspectives on Childhood Disorders
- This page examines multiple psychological perspectives on childhood disorders: biological factors like genetics; sociocultural influences such as culture and society; psychodynamic aspects related to personality development; humanistic views emphasizing unconditional positive regard; cognitive assessments of thoughts and experiences; and behavioral approaches focusing on conditioning's impact. Each perspective provides distinct insights into the factors influencing childhood disorders.
- 13.16: Treatments for Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- This page addresses neurodevelopmental disorders in children, including autism and ADHD, highlighting the importance of early interventions such as behavioral therapies, medications, and parent training. School-based mental health services provide integrated support, while cognitive-behavioral and family-oriented strategies improve communication and social skills. The page emphasizes a comprehensive approach tailored to individual needs, promoting social inclusion and autonomy.
- 13.17: Case Studies- Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence
- This page discusses two case studies of childhood and adolescent disorders. Jake, an 11-year-old, struggled with aggressive behavior influenced by family issues but improved with medication and family support. Kelli, a 15-year-old, faced involuntary movements and emotional distress from bullying, requiring behavioral intervention and therapy. Both cases emphasize the complexities of childhood disorders and the necessity of supportive treatments.
- 13.18: Putting It Together- Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence
- This page covers childhood neurodevelopmental disorders, including communication disorders, autism, and conduct disorders. It details symptoms, impacts, and treatment methods, encouraging reflection on treatment plans from various psychological perspectives. The discussion includes the implications of perceiving disabilities as social constructs versus embracing neurodiversity.