Skip to main content
Social Sci LibreTexts

4.3F: Levinson

  • Page ID
    7976
  • \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)

    \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)

    \( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)

    ( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)

    \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)

    \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)

    \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\)

    \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)

    \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)

    \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)

    \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorA}[1]{\vec{#1}}      % arrow\)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorAt}[1]{\vec{\text{#1}}}      % arrow\)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorB}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorC}[1]{\textbf{#1}} \)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorD}[1]{\overrightarrow{#1}} \)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorDt}[1]{\overrightarrow{\text{#1}}} \)

    \( \newcommand{\vectE}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{\mathbf {#1}}}} \)

    \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)

    \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)

    \(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)

    Daniel J. Levinson was one of the founders of the field of positive adult development.

    Learning Objectives

    • Summarize Daniel Levinson’s theory of positive adult development and how it influenced changes in the perception of development during adulthood

    Key Points

    • As a theory, positive adult development asserts that development continues after adolescence, long into adulthood.
    • In positive adult development research, scientists question not only whether development ceases after adolescence, but also a notion, popularized by many gerontologists, that a decline occurs after late adolescence.
    • Positive adult developmental processes are divided into at least six areas of study: hierarchical complexity, knowledge, experience, expertise, wisdom, and spirituality.

    Key Terms

    • stasis: inactivity; a freezing, or state of motionlessness
    • positive adult development: Positive adult development is one of the four major forms of adult developmental study that can be identified.
    • decline: downward movement, fall

    Daniel Levinson

    Daniel J. Levinson, an American psychologist, was one of the founders of the field of positive adult development. He was born in New York City on May 28, 1920, and completed his dissertation at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1947. In this dissertation, he attempted to develop a way of measuring ethnocentrism. In 1950, he moved to Harvard University. From 1966 to 1990, he was a professor of psychology at the Yale University School of Medicine.

    Levinson’s two most important books were Seasons of a Man’s Life and Seasons of a Woman’s Life, which continue to be highly influential works. His multidisciplinary approach is reflected in his work on the life structure theory of adult development.

    Positive Adult Development

    Positive adult development is one of the four major forms of adult developmental study. The other three are directionless change, stasis, and decline. Positive adult developmental processes are divided into the following six areas of study:

    • hierarchical complexity
    • knowledge
    • experience
    • expertise
    • wisdom
    • spirituality

    Research in this field questions not only whether development ceases after adolescence, but also the notion, popularized by many gerontologists, that a decline occurs after late adolescence. Research shows that positive development does still occur during adulthood. Recent studies indicate that such development is useful in predicting things such as an individual’s health, life satisfaction, and ability to contribute to society.

    Now that there is scientific proof that individuals continue to develop as adults, researchers have begun investigating how to foster such development. Rather than just describing, as phenomenon, the fact that adults continue to develop, researchers are interested in aiding and guiding that development. For educators of adults in formal settings, this has been a priority in many ways already. More recently, researchers have begun to experiment with hypotheses about fostering positive adult development. These methods are used in organizational and educational setting. Some use developmentally-designed, structured public discourse to address complex public issues.

    image
    Positive Adult Development: Research in Positive Adult Development questions not only whether development ceases after adolescence, but also the notion, popularized by many gerontologists, that a decline occurs after late adolescence.

    LICENSES AND ATTRIBUTIONS

    CC LICENSED CONTENT, SHARED PREVIOUSLY

    • Curation and Revision. Provided by: Boundless.com. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike

    CC LICENSED CONTENT, SPECIFIC ATTRIBUTION

    • Sigmund freud. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_freud%23Id.2C_ego.2C_and_super-ego. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
    • Charles Horton Cooley. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Horton_Cooley. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
    • George Herbert Mead. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
    • Socialization. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialization. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
    • Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Piaget's_theory_of_cognitive_development. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
    • Daniel Levinson. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Levinson. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
    • socialization. Provided by: Wiktionary. Located at: en.wiktionary.org/wiki/socialization. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
    • Looking-glass self. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Looking-glass_self. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
    • Charles Horton Cooley. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Horton%20Cooley. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
    • George Herbert Mead. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Herbert%20Mead. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
    • Looking-Glass self. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Looking-Glass%20self. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
    • George Herbert Mead. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
    • Pragmatism. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatism. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
    • social behaviorism. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/social%20behaviorism. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
    • pragmatism. Provided by: Wiktionary. Located at: en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pragmatism. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
    • symbolic interactionism. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/symbolic%20interactionism. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
    • Mead. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mead.jpg. License: Public Domain: No Known Copyright
    • Id, ego, and super-ego. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Id,_ego,_and_super-ego. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
    • Psychoanalysis. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalysis. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
    • the unconscious. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/the%20unconscious. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
    • Oedipus complex. Provided by: Wiktionary. Located at: en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Oedipus_complex. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
    • Mead. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mead.jpg. License: Public Domain: No Known Copyright
    • Jean Piaget. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Piaget. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
    • Theory of cognitive development. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_cognitive_development. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
    • genetic epistemology. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/genetic%20epistemology. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
    • Boundless. Provided by: Boundless Learning. Located at: www.boundless.com//sociology/definition/accommodation. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
    • object permanence. Provided by: Wiktionary. Located at: en.wiktionary.org/wiki/object_permanence. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
    • Mead. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mead.jpg. License: Public Domain: No Known Copyright
    • Jean Piaget in Ann Arbor. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jean_Piaget_in_Ann_Arbor.png. License: Public Domain: No Known Copyright
    • Positive Adult Development. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_Adult_Development. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
    • Boundless. Provided by: Boundless Learning. Located at: www.boundless.com//sociology/definition/positive-adult-development. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
    • decline. Provided by: Wiktionary. Located at: en.wiktionary.org/wiki/decline. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
    • stasis. Provided by: Wiktionary. Located at: en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stasis. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
    • Mead. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mead.jpg. License: Public Domain: No Known Copyright
    • Jean Piaget in Ann Arbor. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jean_Piaget_in_Ann_Arbor.png. License: Public Domain: No Known Copyright
    • All sizes | IMG_4442 | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Provided by: Flickr. Located at: http://www.flickr.com/photos/kencf06...n/photostream/. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike

    4.3F: Levinson is shared under a CC BY-SA license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts.

    • Was this article helpful?