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Self-Check Questions

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    Questions

    Chapter 1: Social Constructions

    1. Which demographic trends have been observed in American families over recent decades?
      1. An increase in the nuclear family living arrangement
      2. A decrease in single-parent households
      3. An increase in the divorce rate relative to marriage rates
      4. An increase in the average age of first marriages
    2. Which statement best summarizes the impact of industrialization on family structures?
      1. Industrialization led to the universal adoption of the nuclear family model.
      2. Industrialization had no significant impact on family structures or gender roles.
      3. Industrial capitalism created separate spheres for women and men to labor.
      4. Families became less important as economic units during industrialization.
    3. When we talk about social constructions, we mean that:
      1. People create meaning through social interactions.
      2. Social problems do not have real consequences.
      3. Each individual has their version of the truth.
      4. People have good and bad habits.
    4. Which U.S. Supreme Court ruling(s) illustrates the government’s influence on family formation and challenges the notion of universally applicable rights within marriage and family law? Select all that apply.
      1. The unanimous 1967 Loving v. Virginia ruling which declared state laws banning interracial marriage unconstitutional.
      2. The Child and Dependent Care Credit legislation defines a family based on economic dependency rather than biological or marital connections.
      3. The decision to enforce the Page Act of 1875, which restricted Chinese women from entering the U.S.
      4. The 2015 Obergefell v. Hodges decision legalized same-sex marriage across all states.

    Chapter 2: Studying Families

    1. Which of the following are considered to be critical dispositions for learning about families and equity? Select all that apply.
      1. Willingness to question ingrained beliefs
      2. Openness to new ideas and ways of thinking
      3. Preference to work alone rather than in diverse groups
      4. Willingness to be uncomfortable during the learning process
    2. You receive a questionnaire from your school’s health center asking for information about your health and mental health using an online form. This is an example of which type of research design?
      1. Survey
      2. Experiments
      3. Observation
      4. Existing data
    3. Which of the following statements best reflects the concept of diversity in families presented in the chapter?
      1. Diversity is limited to observable characteristics such as race and ethnicity of family members.
      2. Diversity is based solely on the family’s socioeconomic status.
      3. Diversity encompasses a broad range of dimensions that emphasize the complexity and intersectionality of individual and collective identities within families.
      4. The primary focus of diversity within families is on gender and sexual orientation, with other dimensions playing secondary roles in shaping family dynamics and individual experiences.
    4. Which statement best describes the relationship between socioeconomic status and an individual’s or family’s life experiences in the United States?
      1. Socioeconomic status does not significantly impact life experiences or opportunities.
      2. Social mobility is easily achieved through hard work.
      3. Socioeconomic status is critical in determining opportunities, life experiences, and position.
      4. Socioeconomic status is determined only by an individual’s income.
    5. Which of the following statements best matches the structural diversity perspective?
      1. Families’ needs are best met through the structure of the traditional nuclear family.
      2. Families are shaped by social structures in differing ways.
      3. Families are the same, regardless of race, gender, class, and social structures.
      4. Families from oppressed groups have no power to make choices and meet their needs.
    6. Which of the following statements is a part of the definition of a social problem? Select all that apply.
      1. It has negative consequences for large numbers of people.
      2. It relates to people’s communication and social life.
      3. It is a social construction.
      4. It must be solved through collective action, not individual behavior change.

    Chapter 3: Connection, Community, Love, and Partnering

    1. According to family theories, why are close social relationships important? Select all that apply.
      1. They act as social support networks during times of stress.
      2. Popular people tend to live longer.
      3. Connection is a human need.
      4. Chosen families support the healthy development of people who are LGBTQ+.
    2. Which statement(s) describes binary systems and their impact on society? Select all that apply.
      1. Binary systems accurately categorize human experiences and identities without exceptions.
      2. Binary systems simplify complex human experiences into two opposing categories.
      3. Binary systems can lead to stereotypes and erase the existence of those who do not fit neatly into these categories.
      4. Binary systems easily accommodate a wide range of human identities and experiences.
    3. According to assortative mating, people choose partners based on what primary focus?Select all that apply.
      1. Choosing partners based on their financial assets and material possessions.
      2. Choosing mates who are significantly different from themselves.
      3. Choosing partners who are more like themselves than if mates were assigned randomly.
      4. Selecting mates purely based on physical attractiveness and sexual attraction.
    4. Which of the following best describes the evolution of marriage in the United States? Select all that apply.
      1. The concept of marriage has remained fairly static over time.
      2. Marriage historically focused on economic and familial stability.
      3. Today, people seek flexibility and self-actualization in marriage.
      4. Marriage has always been centered around the idea of self-actualization and personal happiness.
    5. The 2015 U.S. Supreme Court decision in Obergefell v. Hodges established that the right to marry is fundamental and must be extended equally to all couples, thereby eliminating all legal inequities and societal stigma associated with same-sex marriage.
      1. True
      2. False
    6. What has research indicated about the psychological consequences of divorce? Select all that apply.
      1. The effects of poverty, which many women and children face after divorce, affects them negatively.
      2. Divorced spouses experience improved psychological well-being right after divorce.
      3. The mental health of divorced spouses often declines immediately after divorce but may improve over time.
      4. Divorce has no significant psychological effects on spouses.

    Chapter 4: Nurturance, Parenting, and Caregiving

    1. Which of the following is true about caregiving in kinship and family life? Select all that apply.
      1. Only biological parents are recognized as caregivers in families.
      2. People receive care only when they are young.
      3. Children may take on caregiving roles throughout their lives.
      4. Caregiving may come from grandparents, adoptive, foster, and other non-biological relationships.
    2. According to ecological systems theory, which is the most comprehensive system that classifies COVID-19’s impact on family and child development? Select all that apply.
      1. The microsystem
      2. The mesosystem
      3. The macrosystem
      4. The chronosystem
    3. What one factor is believed to contribute to the declining birth, fertility, and fecundity rates in the United States? Select all that apply.
      1. Longer life expectancy
      2. Economic challenges
      3. Higher rates of divorce
      4. There is no one deciding factor
    4. How does public policy affect parent-child attachment? Select all that apply.
      1. Policies have no direct impact on family dynamics or attachment.
      2. Policies supporting traditional family structures enhance attachment in those families.
      3. Policies can unintentionally damage family attachments and security.
      4. Family separation policies are designed to damage family attachment directly.
    5. How are adults without children perceived in society? Select all that apply.
      1. Reasonable, rational people
      2. Selfish
      3. Less masculine or feminine
      4. Living the American Dream

    Chapter 5: Routines, Traditions, and Culture

    1. Which of the following are true about the benefits of routines? Select all that apply.
      1. Family routines can reduce anxiety by giving children a sense of stability and security.
      2. Adolescents are less susceptible to experiencing depression and have fewer mental health problems when engaged in family routines.
      3. Children are more likely to develop extroverted personalities if they have routines in their lives.
      4. Children can develop a sense of predictability from routines and this contributes to self-regulation.
    2. Which of the following can be characterized as a routine rather than a ritual? Select all that apply.
      1. Praying for the safety of family members before you go to sleep each night.
      2. The daily practice of a family eating dinner together.
      3. A quinceañera to celebrate a young girl’s coming of age.
      4. A celebration of life event to acknowledge the passing of a loved one.
    3. Which of the following are true of having a sense of belonging? Select all that apply.
      1. Feeling like an important part of a family, workplace, or other social system leads to positive psychosocial aspects.
      2. Aligning with a cultural identity or subculture fosters a feeling of belonging.
      3. Belonging comes from a set of competencies people use to love others.
      4. Feelings of belonging are limited to nuclear families.
    4. According to theorist John Berry, there are four acculturation strategies. Which of the following describes people who use assimilation? Select all that apply.
      1. They do not seek to maintain their cultural identity and instead pursue close interaction with other cultures.
      2. They wish to maintain their original culture as members of an ethnocultural group.
      3. They take on the norms, values, and traditions of the new society.
      4. They take on elements of both their original culture and their new social context.

    Chapter 6: Representation and Belonging in Social Systems

    1. Which of the following reasons describe why the U.S. Census is important to families? Select all that apply.
      1. It is the only data available on large groups of families.
      2. It is intended to collect data from U.S. citizens, only.
      3. It launched the American Community Survey, which provides detailed information on family dynamics.
      4. It is used to determine how federal funding for families is distributed.
    2. My _________ describes my relationship to power and privilege in society. Select all that apply.
      1. Social location
      2. Social identity
      3. Social structure
      4. Microaggression
    3. What is the proper role of an ally in social justice movements like Black Lives Matter? Select all that apply.
      1. Remaining neutral and unbiased.
      2. Using one’s privilege to speak for people who are voiceless.
      3. Listening to the perspectives of people with lived experience and the least power.
      4. Asking questions to oppressed people to understand their oppression better.

    Chapter 7: Health and Health Care

    1. Which of the following is true concerning social perception and the stigmatization of disease? Select all that apply.
      1. Societal perception does not significantly influence the stigmatization of disease.
      2. Diseases with a high level of awareness face no stigma.
      3. The stigma around certain diseases, like lung cancer, can lead to discrimination in care.
      4. Stigma is more common in diseases that are well-researched.
    2. Which of the following contributes to worse health for some groups in society? Select all that apply.
      1. Poverty
      2. Inadequate access to healthcare
      3. Individual and behavioral factors
      4. High education levels
    3. The Affordable Care Act led to an increase in the number of people with health insurance. Gaps in coverage remain for which groups of people? Select all that apply.
      1. People over the age of 65.
      2. People living in states that did not expand Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act.
      3. People who are pregnant.
      4. People who need insurance to cover dental and vision problems.

    Chapter 8: Housing

    1. After trending downward since 1780, the average number of people per household in the U.S. is beginning to trend upward.
      1. True
      2. False
    2. Which of the following describes how the Bracero and H-2 visa programs function? Select all that apply.
      1. The programs offer paths to establishing residency or citizenship in the United States.
      2. The programs offered comfortable housing in good neighborhoods.
      3. The programs employ people throughout the year.
      4. In many cases, guest workers were isolated and were prevented from having visitors.
    3. Lending institutions and the federal government created maps that designated the places where people of color and foreign-born individuals lived as too “dangerous” or “risky” to receive housing loans. Which terms best describe this practice?
      1. The Fair Housing Act
      2. Redlining
      3. Residential segregation
      4. Bluelining
    4. Which of the following are principles of the Housing First approach to ending houselessness? Select all that apply.
      1. Housing is a human right.
      2. All people are “ready for housing.”
      3. People must be sober and employed before they can be housed.
      4. Group homes are just as good as independent housing.

    Chapter 9: Safety and Stability

    1. Which of the following are listed as one of the ten Protective and Compensatory Experiences (PACEs) that help children develop resilience? Select all that apply.
      1. An adult mentor outside of the family unit who provides guidance and support.
      2. Regular opportunities to help others, through volunteering or participation in other community projects.
      3. Access to the Internet for educational purposes.
      4. Engagement in hobbies, such as playing a musical instrument.
    2. Which of the following are benefits of paid parental leave for families? Select all that apply.
      1. Healthy attachment and bonding with a newborn.
      2. Physical recovery from expecting, birthing, or caring for a new child.
      3. Feeling safe that one’s income will not change while caring for a new child.
      4. Increased support from external family members such as grandparents.
    3. Research suggests that the trauma experienced by Holocaust survivors can be passed down to their descendants through biological means, specifically through epigenetics.
      1. True
      2. False
    4. Which of the following statements describes a benefit of educating people about abuse and neglect? Select all that apply.
      1. Education prevents people from becoming abusers
      2. Education helps people identify early warning signs of abuse.
      3. Education helps people create healthy relationships.
      4. Education provides an effective deterrent to abuse and neglect.

    Chapter 10: Food and Water

    1. Which of the following statements describes a food desert?
      1. A rural area that has a grocery store within 5 miles of where most people live.
      2. An urban area that has less than one grocery store per mile.
      3. An urban area with mostly fast food and convenience stores.
      4. A rural area with fewer than 5 grocery stores.
    2. What was the poverty line calculation based on initially (1963)?
      1. Total monthly expenses on housing and utilities.
      2. Three times the cost of the lowest-cost food plan that provides the required nutrients.
      3. The average income of a lower-middle-class family.
      4. Total monthly expenses, including housing, food, and utilities.
    3. Which of the following statements concerning early food experiences is correct? Select all that apply.
      1. People who were not exposed to various foods as children may become picky eaters.
      2. Children who do not practice socializing during meals may struggle with social norms at the dining table.
      3. Children may eat more processed foods if they see their friends do so.
      4. Children are not influenced by commercials promoting certain snack foods.
    4. What was the primary reason Flint city officials changed the water source from the Detroit Water and Sewage Department to the Flint River in 2014?
      1. The water from the Detroit River was contaminated.
      2. The city was looking for a higher-quality water source.
      3. To save money due to the city’s financial crisis.
      4. The Detroit Water and Sewage Department ceased operations.
    5. The formation of the United States led to the restriction of Native Americans to reservations, the enslavement of African immigrants, and discriminatory laws against immigrants, all of which continue to affect families today.
      1. True
      2. False

    Chapter 11: Justice

    1. Which of the following statistics is true about families impacted by incarceration?
      1. Half of all adults in the United States have had an immediate family member incarcerated.
      2. Black adults are less likely than White adults to have a family member incarcerated.
      3. Middle and upper-income families are more likely to have a family member incarcerated.
      4. Latinx adults are twice as likely as White adults to have a family member incarcerated.
    2. Which of the following statistics is accurate about sexual violence by police officers? Select all that apply.
      1. Sexual assault is the least commonly reported form of police misconduct.
      2. 32% of African-American transgender women in police custody report being sexually assaulted by police.
      3. Less than 1,000 police officers have lost their jobs due to sexual misconduct since 2010.
      4. Black men are 10% less likely to be victims of police sexual violence than White men.
    3. Which of the following statements is accurate about substance use and mental health disorders? Select all that apply.
      1. People of color and White people use drugs at about the same rate.
      2. Substance use disorders are always caused by trauma.
      3. Continuing to use drugs despite negative consequences is a sign of a substance use disorder.
      4. Mental health diagnoses and substance use disorders are unrelated to each other.
    4. Which of the following statements about the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program is correct?
      1. DACA provides a permanent pathway to citizenship for undocumented immigrants.
      2. DACA provides a green card for students seeking to attend a university in the United States.
      3. DACA is available to immigrants who entered the United States after 2013.
      4. DACA serves 25% fewer people in 2024 than it did in 2012.

    Chapter 12: Visual Culture

    1. Which of the following statements is correct about artistic representations of families? Select all that apply.
      1. Art education influences students’ ability to tell fact from fiction.
      2. Art history is often told by Indigenous people and those with the least power.
      3. Art that is displayed publicly (museums, history books, media, etc.) most often represents the dominant culture.
      4. Art invites critical discussion and other viewpoints.
    2. Which of the following is correct about public art? Select all that apply.
      1. Public art is always controlled by the government.
      2. Public art is intended to represent universal concepts.
      3. Public art is often determined by power in the dominant culture.
      4. Public art must be accessible to the public.
    3. “Green Book”is a 2018 film that was criticized for telling a story about anti-Black discrimination of a famous musician through the experiences of a White driver who defends him against oppression. What “White-centered” issues did critics note with the film? Select all that apply.
      1. It was primarily told from a White person’s point of view.
      2. The lead actor was White.
      3. A White Savior character helps fix racist experiences.
      4. It used outdated racial stereotypes.
    4. In the classic Disney movie “Sleeping Beauty” (1959), the princess is revived from an evil spell by her true love’s kiss. Which of the following describes how gender is represented in this film? Select all that apply.
      1. Emphasized femininity
      2. Beauty ideals
      3. Objectification
      4. Implicit bias
    5. How does the halo effect indicate attractiveness is associated with positive traits? Select all that apply.
      1. Beautiful people are often thought to lack intelligence.
      2. Older women are considered to be the most knowledgeable.
      3. Attractive people are perceived as more valuable to society.
      4. Attractive people are more likely to be bullied.

    Chapter 13: Education and Employment

    1. What does the Childcare Trilemma refer to? Select all that apply.
      1. The financial challenge makes it difficult to find childcare that is high quality, affordable for families, and that compensates teachers well.
      2. The problem that makes it hard for parents, children, and teachers to access healthy food.
      3. This childcare dilemma involves pay, ratios, and availability that do not provide enough income for stockholders.
      4. The dilemma that teachers face when deciding whether to stay home with their own children or return to teaching in a childcare center.
    2. The Federal Student Aid system makes some assumptions about how families function.Which familial aspects do they consider? Select all that apply.
      1. The age and marital status of the applicant.
      2. The number of siblings an applicant has.
      3. Whether or not the applicant is adopted.
      4. The age and employment status of the applicant.
    3. Poorly paid and unstable jobs, such as entry-level administrative support and service industry jobs, often held by women, are said to have a _____________, such that it is very difficult to advance.
      1. Intersectionality
      2. Glass ceiling
      3. Sticky floor
      4. Middle management
    4. Which of the following are aspects of care work? Select all that apply.
      1. Keeping a household running
      2. Caring for adults and children
      3. Payment
      4. Maintaining relationships with extended family
    5. Which demographic trends have been observed in American families over recent decades?
      1. An increase in the nuclear family living arrangement
      2. A decrease in single-parent households
      3. An increase in the divorce rate relative to marriage rates
      4. An increase in the average age of first marriages

    Chapter 14: Meaning and Purpose

    1. What are some similar values and beliefs in Maslow’s model and the Blackfoot model of human needs? Select all that apply.
      1. Kinship helps you transcend the self.
      2. Kinship with family is more important than cultural and collective achievement.
      3. Belonging and love help someone feel a sense of meaning.
      4. Kinship is less important than meaning.
    2. Which of the following statements is true about the results of the “Meaning in 17 Advanced Countries” study? Select all that apply.
      1. Men were more likely than women to indicate family or children as meaningful in their lives.
      2. Older adults were more likely to indicate health and retirement as meaningful in their lives.
      3. People with lower levels of education and income were more likely to rate family as meaning-makers.
      4. Young adults were more likely to mention community as meaningful in their lives.
    3. Which of the following statements is correct about creativity? Select all that apply.
      1. It is a healthy way to cope with trauma.
      2. It involves looking at things in a new way.
      3. It must introduce new ideas.
      4. It is a part of generativity in middle adulthood.
    4. Which of the following describes the impact of forced assimilation at Indian boarding schools? Select all that apply.
      1. Trauma from physical and sexual abuse.
      2. Unmarked graves with thousands of bodies.
      3. Death of Indigenous languages and cultures.
      4. Economic self-sufficiency.

    Answer Key

    Chapter 1: Social Constructions

    1. Which demographic trends have been observed in American families over recent decades?
      1. An increase in the nuclear family living arrangement
      2. A decrease in single-parent households
      3. An increase in the divorce rate relative to marriage rates
      4. An increase in the average age of first marriages (correct)
      5. Answer feedback: People are marrying later, and this trend contributes to the declining rate of marriage in the U.S.
    2. Which statement best summarizes the impact of industrialization on family structures?
      1. Industrialization led to the universal adoption of the nuclear family model.
      2. Industrialization had no significant impact on family structures or gender roles.
      3. Industrial capitalism created separate spheres for women and men to labor. (correct)
      4. Families became less important as economic units during industrialization.
      5. Answer feedback: During industrialization, gender roles or separate spheres emerged in middle – and upper-income households. It became more common for men to work outside of the home in the labor market, and women were socially rewarded for unpaid household labor.
    3. When we talk about social constructions, we mean that:
      1. People create meaning through social interactions. (correct)
      2. Social problems do not have real consequences.
      3. Each individual has their version of the truth.
      4. People have good and bad habits.
      5. Answer feedback: Social constructionism is a theory that describes how people create meaning through their experiences and social interactions. This is different from the idea that social phenomena do not really exist or are too individualized to study systematically.
    4. Which U.S. Supreme Court ruling(s) illustrates the government’s influence on family formation and challenges the notion of universally applicable rights within marriage and family law? Select all that apply.
      1. The unanimous 1967 Loving v. Virginia ruling which declared state laws banning interracial marriage unconstitutional. (correct)
      2. The Child and Dependent Care Credit legislation defines a family based on economic dependency rather than biological or marital connections.
      3. The decision to enforce the Page Act of 1875, which restricted Chinese women from entering the U.S.
      4. The 2015 Obergefell v. Hodges decision legalized same-sex marriage across all states. (correct)
      5. Answer feedback: Not all of the above are Supreme Court decisions. Legislation is contained in the U.S. Congress, and enforcement is directed by the President and the various cabinet offices. Each institution often implements policies that make family life more difficult.

    Chapter 2: Studying Families

    1. Which of the following are considered to be critical dispositions for learning about families and equity? Select all that apply.
      1. Willingness to question ingrained beliefs (correct)
      2. Openness to new ideas and ways of thinking (correct)
      3. Preference to work alone rather than in diverse groups
      4. Willingness to be uncomfortable during the learning process (correct)
      5. Answer feedback: Dispositions are ways of integrating new information. If you approach a new topic with the right disposition, you will be able to absorb new scientific information and understand other people’s lived experiences.
    2. You receive a questionnaire from your school’s health center asking for information about your health and mental health using an online form. This is an example of which type of research design?
      1. Survey (correct)
      2. Experiments
      3. Observation
      4. Existing data
      5. Answer feedback: Surveys collect data from participants using a questionnaire. Surveys use self-report rather than observing people in public locations. Finally, survey design is a way to create new scientific data, rather than using existing data.
    3. Which of the following statements best reflects the concept of diversity in families presented in the chapter?
      1. Diversity is limited to observable characteristics such as race and ethnicity of family members.
      2. Diversity is based solely on the family’s socioeconomic status.
      3. Diversity encompasses a broad range of dimensions that emphasize the complexity and intersectionality of individual and collective identities within families. (correct)
      4. The primary focus of diversity within families is on gender and sexual orientation, with other dimensions playing secondary roles in shaping family dynamics and individual experiences.
      5. Answer feedback: No single aspect of diversity is more important, and it is the complex intersections of these dimensions of diversity that shape people’s experiences in the world.
    4. Which statement best describes the relationship between socioeconomic status and an individual’s or family’s life experiences in the United States?
      1. Socioeconomic status does not significantly impact life experiences or opportunities.
      2. Social mobility is easily achieved through hard work.
      3. Socioeconomic status is critical in determining opportunities, life experiences, and position. (correct)
      4. Socioeconomic status is determined only by an individual’s income.
      5. Answer feedback: Socioeconomic status includes material wealth, educational status, and occupational status. It greatly impacts one’s opportunities and outcomes in life.
    5. Which of the following statements best matches the structural diversity perspective?
      1. Families’ needs are best met through the structure of the traditional nuclear family
      2. Families are shaped by social structures in differing ways (correct)
      3. Families are the same, regardless of race, gender, class, and social structures.
      4. Families from oppressed groups have no power to make choices and meet their needs.
      5. Answer feedback: The structural diversity perspective points out that families are socially constructed. Nevertheless, families are impacted by social structures and the actions of individual family members.
    6. Which of the following statements is a part of the definition of a social problem? Select all that apply.
      1. It has negative consequences for large numbers of people. (correct)
      2. It relates to people’s communication and social life.
      3. It is a social construction.
      4. It must be solved through collective action, not individual behavior change. (correct)
      5. Answer feedback: Social problems have negative consequences for large numbers of people and must be solved through collective action. They differ from individual problems, which can sometimes be solved through individual behavior change.

    Chapter 3: Connection, Community, Love, and Partnering

    1. According to family theories, why are close social relationships important? Select all that apply.
      1. They act as social support networks during times of stress. (correct)
      2. Popular people tend to live longer.
      3. Connection is a human need. (correct)
      4. Chosen families support the healthy development of people who are LGBTQ+. (correct)
      5. Answer feedback: Abraham Maslow’s and Indigenous people’s needs theories, as well as the Ecological Systems theories, illustrate the need for close social relationships.
    2. Which statement(s) describes binary systems and their impact on society? Select all that apply.
      1. Binary systems accurately categorize human experiences and identities without exceptions.
      2. Binary systems simplify complex human experiences into two opposing categories. (correct)
      3. Binary systems can lead to stereotypes and erase the existence of those who do not fit neatly into these categories. (correct)
      4. Binary systems easily accommodate a wide range of human identities and experiences.
      5. Answer feedback: Binary notions mask the complicated realities of human beings. They erase the existence of multiracial or mixed-race and nonbinary people, who may identify with neither or with multiple identity categories. See Socially Constructed Binary Systems.
    3. According to assortative mating, people choose partners based on what primary focus?Select all that apply.
      1. Choosing partners based on their financial assets and material possessions.
      2. Choosing mates who are significantly different from themselves.
      3. Choosing partners who are more like themselves than if mates were assigned randomly. (correct)
      4. Selecting mates purely based on physical attractiveness and sexual attraction.
      5. Answer feedback: People tend to choose intimate partners who are like themselves in education, socioeconomic status, and other factors. People do not choose their intimate partners at random.
    4. Which of the following best describes the evolution of marriage in the United States? Select all that apply.
      1. The concept of marriage has remained fairly static over time.
      2. Marriage historically focused on economic and familial stability. (correct)
      3. Today, people seek flexibility and self-actualization in marriage. (correct)
      4. Marriage has always been centered around the idea of self-actualization and personal happiness.
      5. Answer feedback: Marriage is a social construction, and its meaning changes over time. Historically, marriage was about economic and family stability, with “love marriages” discouraged. Now, marriage is more about flexibility and pursuing goals with a partner.
    5. The 2015 U.S. Supreme Court decision in Obergefell v. Hodges established that the right to marry is fundamental and must be extended equally to all couples, thereby eliminating all legal inequities and societal stigma associated with same-sex marriage.
      1. True (correct)
      2. False
      3. Answer feedback: The Supreme Court decision in Obergefell v. Hodges legalized same-sex marriage across the United States, requiring all states, districts, and territories to perform and recognize the marriages of same-sex couples.
    6. What has research indicated about the psychological consequences of divorce? Select all that apply.
      1. The effects of poverty, which many women and children face after divorce, affects them negatively. (correct).
      2. Divorced spouses experience improved psychological well-being right after divorce.
      3. The mental health of divorced spouses often declines immediately after divorce but may improve over time. (correct)
      4. Divorce has no significant psychological effects on spouses.
      5. Answer feedback: The time period examined is critical. For many, psychological well-being may decline in the immediate aftermath of a divorce but rise over the next few years.

    Chapter 4: Nurturance, Parenting, and Caregiving

    1. Which of the following is true about caregiving in kinship and family life? Select all that apply.
      1. Only biological parents are recognized as caregivers in families.
      2. People receive care only when they are young.
      3. Children may take on caregiving roles throughout their lives. (correct)
      4. Caregiving may come from grandparents, adoptive, foster, and other non-biological relationships. (correct)
      5. Answer feedback: People in diverse roles from parents, grandparents, stepparents, foster parents, and adoptive parents offer care. Although children often care for parents in their late adulthood, children care for their parents and one another throughout their lives.
    2. According to ecological systems theory, which is the most comprehensive system that classifies COVID-19’s impact on family and child development? Select all that apply.
      1. The microsystem
      2. The mesosystem
      3. The macrosystem
      4. The chronosystem (correct)
      5. Answer feedback: Ecological systems theory classifies the impact of social forces on individuals. COVID-19 is a historical event that structured the chronosystem. It was an event that altered time for all living people.
    3. What one factor is believed to contribute to the declining birth, fertility, and fecundity rates in the United States? Select all that apply.
      1. Longer life expectancy
      2. Economic challenges
      3. Higher rates of divorce
      4. There is no one deciding factor (correct)
      5. Answer feedback: There does not seem to be one deciding factor that influences the decision not to have children, with the majority of childless adults saying that “they just don’t want to have children” (Brown, 2021).
    4. How does public policy affect parent-child attachment? Select all that apply
      1. Policies have no direct impact on family dynamics or attachment.
      2. Policies supporting traditional family structures enhance attachment in those families.
      3. Policies can unintentionally damage family attachments and security. (correct)
      4. Family separation policies are designed to damage family attachment directly. (correct)
      5. Answer feedback: Public policy can have intentional or unintentional impact on parent-child attachment. The family separation policy designed by a white nationalist and senior White House advisor Stephen Miller explicitly harms immigrant families.
    5. How are adults without children perceived in society? Select all that apply.
      1. Reasonable, rational people
      2. Selfish (correct)
      3. Less masculine or feminine (correct)
      4. Living the American Dream
      5. Answer feedback: Increased awareness and acceptance do not equate with the disappearance of social stigma. Harmful viewpoints that equate with the idea that one’s life is not “complete” until they have children still exist.

    Chapter 5: Routines, Traditions, and Culture

    1. Which of the following are true about the benefits of routines? Select all that apply.
      1. Family routines can reduce anxiety by giving children a sense of stability and security. (correct)
      2. Adolescents are less susceptible to experiencing depression and have fewer mental health problems when engaged in family routines. (correct)
      3. Children are more likely to develop extroverted personalities if they have routines in their lives.
      4. Children can develop a sense of predictability from routines and this contributes to self-regulation. (correct)
      5. Answer feedback: Routines are helpful for children and families. They support mental health and self-regulation for individuals and bring connectedness to family members.
    2. Which of the following can be characterized as a routine rather than a ritual? Select all that apply.
      1. Praying for the safety of family members before you go to sleep each night. (Correct)
      2. The daily practice of a family eating dinner together. (Correct)
      3. A quinceañera to celebrate a young girl’s coming of age.
      4. A celebration of life event to acknowledge the passing of a loved one.
      5. Answer feedback: Routines are everyday activities. Rituals like celebrations like weddings and birthdays happen at special points in a person’s life.
    3. Which of the following are true of having a sense of belonging? Select all that apply.
      1. Feeling like an important part of a family, workplace, or other social system leads to positive psychosocial aspects. (correct)
      2. Aligning with a cultural identity or subculture fosters a feeling of belonging. (correct)
      3. Belonging comes from a set of competencies people use to love others.
      4. Feelings of belonging are limited to nuclear families.
      5. Answer feedback: Because minoritization attacks a sense of belonging to the world in which a person lives, the greater a person feels an internal sense of belonging, the better they are able to weather an oppressive context.
    4. According to theorist John Berry, there are four acculturation strategies. Which of the following describes people who use assimilation? Select all that apply.
      1. They do not seek to maintain their cultural identity and instead pursue close interaction with other cultures. (correct)
      2. They wish to maintain their original culture as members of an ethnocultural group.
      3. They take on the norms, values, and traditions of the new society. (correct)
      4. They take on elements of both their original culture and their new social context.
      5. Answer feedback: Berry’s theory offers four broad strategies that immigrants use as they navigate changes to their cultural context. Assimilation refers to letting one’s original culture go and instead pursuing a new cultural identity similar to a new cultural context.

    Chapter 6: Representation and Belonging in Social Systems

    1. Which of the following reasons describe why the U.S. Census is important to families? Select all that apply.
      1. It is the only data available on large groups of families.
      2. It is intended to collect data from U.S. citizens, only.
      3. It launched the American Community Survey, which provides detailed information on family dynamics. (correct)
      4. It is used to determine how federal funding for families is distributed. (correct)
      5. Answer feedback: Because of the scale of the census, it is an important source of data, but there are many other data sets. One is the American Community Survey, which grew out of the Census and offers social science researchers data on families across the nation.
    2. My _________ describes my relationship to power and privilege in society. Select all that apply.
      1. Social location (correct)
      2. Social identity
      3. Social structure
      4. Microaggression
      5. Answer feedback: A social location describes your relationship to power and privilege in society. Each person occupies a social location in which some of their identities are privileged and other identities are oppressed.
    3. What is the proper role of an ally in social justice movements like Black Lives Matter? Select all that apply.
      1. Remaining neutral and unbiased.
      2. Using one’s privilege to speak for people who are voiceless.
      3. Listening to the perspectives of people with lived experience and the least power. (correct)
      4. Asking questions to oppressed people to understand their oppression better.
      5. Answer feedback: Allies should not be in charge of social justice movements. Rather, the focus should be on the group for whom the movement advocates – centering the voices of people who have lived experience and with the least power.

    Chapter 7: Health and Health Care

    1. Which of the following is true concerning social perception and the stigmatization of disease? Select all that apply.
      1. Societal perception does not significantly influence the stigmatization of disease.
      2. Diseases with a high level of awareness face no stigma.
      3. The stigma around certain diseases, like lung cancer, can lead to discrimination in care. (correct)
      4. Stigma is more common in diseases that are well-researched
      5. Answer feedback: Stigma can have negative consequences for the treatment of lung cancer in research, advocacy, and public policy. People with lung cancer may experience anxiety and depression. They may believe that healthcare providers are biased against them.
    2. Which of the following contributes to worse health for some groups in society? Select all that apply.
      1. Poverty
      2. Inadequate access to healthcare
      3. Individual and behavioral factors
      4. High education levels (correct)
      5. Answer feedback: Higher levels of education are associated with a longer life and access to information to make appropriate health decisions (Liao et al., 1999; Jemal et al., 2008; Breese et al., 2007).
    3. The Affordable Care Act led to an increase in the number of people with health insurance. Gaps in coverage remain for which groups of people? Select all that apply.
      1. People over the age of 65.
      2. People living in states that did not expand Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act. (correct)
      3. People who are pregnant.
      4. People who need insurance to cover dental and vision problems. (correct)
      5. Answer feedback: The Affordable Care Act expanded Medicaid to cover more adults, like pregnant people and people over the age of 65. Medicaid does not cover dental and vision problems, leaving broad gaps in coverage for important body parts.

    Chapter 8: Housing

    1. After trending downward since 1780, the average number of people per household in the U.S. is beginning to trend upward.
      1. True (correct)
      2. False
      3. Answer feedback: Household size had declined from 1790 through 2010, going from an average size of 5.79 people to 2.58 people. Since 2010, it has trended upward due to financial crises and the rise of multi-generational households.
    2. Which of the following describes how the Bracero and H-2 visa programs function? Select all that apply.
      1. The programs offer paths to establishing residency or citizenship in the United States.
      2. The programs offered comfortable housing in good neighborhoods.
      3. The programs employ people throughout the year.
      4. In many cases, guest workers were isolated and were prevented from having visitors. (correct)
      5. Answer feedback: The Bracero and H-2 visa programs provided temporary visas for guest workers. The Bracero programs were infamous for isolating workers, preventing them from having visitors, and abusing human rights.
    3. Lending institutions and the federal government created maps that designated the places where people of color and foreign-born individuals lived as too “dangerous” or “risky” to receive housing loans. Which terms best describe this practice?
      1. The Fair Housing Act
      2. Redlining (correct)
      3. Residential segregation (correct)
      4. Bluelining
      5. Answer feedback: Redlining means refusing loans to creditworthy applicants in neighborhoods that banks deem undesirable or racially occupied. This results in residential segregation. Despite the Fair Housing Act, banks still discriminate against families of color.
    4. Which of the following are principles of the Housing First approach to ending houselessness? Select all that apply.
      1. Housing is a human right. (correct)
      2. All people are “ready for housing.” (correct)
      3. People must be sober and employed before they can be housed.
      4. Group homes are just as good as independent housing.
      5. Answer feedback: Housing First differs from traditional approaches by providing housing rather than getting a person “ready for housing.” Housing First does not condition housing on sobriety, employment, or other factors. All human beings have the right to a home.

    Chapter 9: Safety and Stability

    1. Which of the following are listed as one of the ten Protective and Compensatory Experiences (PACEs) that help children develop resilience? Select all that apply.
      1. An adult mentor outside of the family unit who provides guidance and support. (correct)
      2. Regular opportunities to help others, through volunteering or participation in other community projects. (correct)
      3. Access to the Internet for educational purposes.
      4. Engagement in hobbies, such as playing a musical instrument. (correct)
      5. Answer feedback: Although Internet access is important, it is not a protective or compensatory experience. Adult mentorship, opportunities to help others, and hobbies, among other activities, can help children develop resilience to life’s challenges.
    2. Which of the following are benefits of paid parental leave for families? Select all that apply.
      1. Healthy attachment and bonding with a newborn. (correct)
      2. Physical recovery from expecting, birthing, or caring for a new child. (correct)
      3. Feeling safe that one’s income will not change while caring for a new child. (correct)
      4. Increased support from external family members such as grandparents.
      5. Answer feedback: Parental leave and social safety net programs support family bonding. Yet from the earliest stages of life, comprehensive policies are absent to support families in the U.S. Families can’t experience a true sense of safety without social support.
    3. Research suggests that the trauma experienced by Holocaust survivors can be passed down to their descendants through biological means, specifically through epigenetics.
      1. True (correct)
      2. False
      3. Answer feedback: A 2016 study found evidence of epigenetic changes transmitted across generations to descendants of Holocaust survivors. This was the first human evidence that intergenerational trauma may also have a biological mechanism (Yehuda et al., 2015).
    4. Which of the following statements describes a benefit of educating people about abuse and neglect? Select all that apply.
      1. Education prevents people from becoming abusers
      2. Education helps people identify early warning signs of abuse. (correct)
      3. Education helps people create healthy relationships. (correct)
      4. Education provides an effective deterrent to abuse and neglect.
      5. Answer feedback: The purpose of intimate partner violence education is to help build connections between people. Education cannot prevent abuse, but people can recognize healthy intimacy and look out for early warning signs of abuse in friends and loved ones.

    Chapter 10: Food and Water

    1. Which of the following statements describes a food desert?
      1. A rural area that has a grocery store within 5 miles of where most people live.
      2. An urban area that has less than one grocery store per mile. (correct)
      3. An urban area with mostly fast food and convenience stores.
      4. A rural area with fewer than 5 grocery stores.
      5. Answer feedback: Food deserts lack access to nutritious food. A food desert is a geographic area where 33 percent of the population live more than 1 mile (urban areas) or 10 miles (rural areas) from the nearest supermarket, supercenter, or large grocery store.
    2. What was the poverty line calculation based on initially (1963)?
      1. Total monthly expenses on housing and utilities.
      2. Three times the cost of the lowest-cost food plan that provides the required nutrients. (correct)
      3. The average income of a lower-middle-class family.
      4. Total monthly expenses, including housing, food, and utilities.
      5. Answer feedback: In 1963, the poverty line was designated at three times the economy food plan, and it was assumed “that the housewife will be a careful shopper, a skillful cook, and a good manager who will prepare all the family’s meals at home” (Fremstad, 2019).
    3. Which of the following statements concerning early food experiences is correct? Select all that apply.
      1. People who were not exposed to various foods as children may become picky eaters. (correct)
      2. Children who do not practice socializing during meals may struggle with social norms at the dining table. (correct)
      3. Children may eat more processed foods if they see their friends do so. (correct)
      4. Children are not influenced by commercials promoting certain snack foods.
      5. Answer feedback: Children’s eating habits are formed by their environment – from friends, media, and family members.
    4. What was the primary reason Flint city officials changed the water source from the Detroit Water and Sewage Department to the Flint River in 2014?
      1. The water from the Detroit River was contaminated.
      2. The city was looking for a higher-quality water source.
      3. To save money due to the city’s financial crisis. (correct)
      4. The Detroit Water and Sewage Department ceased operations.
      5. Answer feedback: The city declared a state of emergency and wanted to save money. Water from the Flint River was a cheap alternative until they could use a pipeline from the Huron River. However, the water was not treated properly and caused spikes of lead in the water.
    5. The formation of the United States led to the restriction of Native Americans to reservations, the enslavement of African immigrants, and discriminatory laws against immigrants, all of which continue to affect families today.
      1. True (correct)
      2. False
      3. Answer feedback: The discrimination that immigrants, African-Americans, Native Americans, and other groups face today in the United States is grounded in the cultural and policy discrimination from history.

    Chapter 11: Justice

    1. Which of the following statistics is true about families impacted by incarceration?
      1. Half of all adults in the United States have had an immediate family member incarcerated. (correct)
      2. Black adults are less likely than White adults to have a family member incarcerated.
      3. Middle and upper-income families are more likely to have a family member incarcerated.
      4. Latinx adults are twice as likely as White adults to have a family member incarcerated. (correct)
      5. Answer feedback: Incarceration is highly racialized, with Black adults three times and Latinx adults twice as likely as White adults to have a family member incarcerated. Nevertheless, the experience of incarceration is common for half of all families.
    2. Which of the following statistics is accurate about sexual violence by police officers? Select all that apply.
      1. Sexual assault is the least commonly reported form of police misconduct.
      2. 32% of African-American transgender women in police custody report being sexually assaulted by police. (correct)
      3. Less than 1,000 police officers have lost their jobs due to sexual misconduct since 2010.
      4. Black men are 10% less likely to be victims of police sexual violence than White men.
      5. Answer feedback: Sexual assault is a commonly reported form of police misconduct. Over 1,000 police officers have lost their jobs for sexual misconduct since 2010. African-American transgender women in police custody report an alarmingly high rate of sexual violence.
    3. Which of the following statements is accurate about substance use and mental health disorders? Select all that apply.
      1. People of color and White people use drugs at about the same rate. (correct)
      2. Substance use disorders are always caused by trauma.
      3. Continuing to use drugs despite negative consequences is a sign of a substance use disorder. (correct)
      4. Mental health diagnoses and substance use disorders are unrelated to each other.
      5. Answer feedback: Mental health and substance use are related in complicated ways, though it is not the case that all drug use is caused by trauma. Continuing to use drugs is a sign of a substance use disorder. Drug use is equivalent across racial and ethnic groups.
    4. Which of the following statements about the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program is correct?
      1. DACA provides a permanent pathway to citizenship for undocumented immigrants.
      2. DACA provides a green card for students seeking to attend a university in the United States.
      3. DACA is available to immigrants who entered the United States after 2013.
      4. DACA serves 25% fewer people in 2024 than it did in 2012. (correct)
      5. Answer feedback: DACA is a program that declines to enforce existing laws that require the deportation of children who arrived in the country without documentation prior to 2013. It does not provide a permanent pathway to citizenship or a green card.

    Chapter 12: Visual Culture

    1. Which of the following statements is correct about artistic representations of families? Select all that apply.
      1. Art education influences students’ ability to tell fact from fiction. (correct)
      2. Art history is often told by Indigenous people and those with the least power.
      3. Art that is displayed publicly (museums, history books, media, etc.) most often represents the dominant culture. (correct)
      4. Art invites critical discussion and other viewpoints. (correct)
      5. Answer feedback: Art history and education often reproduce the power dynamics in society, over-representing the dominant culture. Yet art students are better able to distinguish fact from fiction. They engage open and critical discussion provoked by artistic expression.
    2. Which of the following is correct about public art? Select all that apply.
      1. Public art is always controlled by the government.
      2. Public art is intended to represent universal concepts. (correct)
      3. Public art is often determined by power in the dominant culture. (correct)
      4. Public art must be accessible to the public (correct)
      5. Answer feedback: Public art is for everyone. It must be accessible to the public and represent universally accepted concepts. While it is not controlled by the government, it is often determined by power structures in society, reproducing the dominant culture’s ideology.
    3. “Green Book”is a 2018 film that was criticized for telling a story about anti-Black discrimination of a famous musician through the experiences of a White driver who defends him against oppression. What “White-centered” issues did critics note with the film? Select all that apply.
      1. It was primarily told from a White person’s point of view. (correct)
      2. The lead actor was White. (correct)
      3. A White Savior character helps fix racist experiences. (correct)
      4. It used outdated racial stereotypes.
      5. Answer feedback: Although the film dealt frankly with the racism experienced by the characters, the White character’s role was to tell the story and save the person of color from racism.
    4. In the classic Disney movie “Sleeping Beauty” (1959), the princess is revived from an evil spell by her true love’s kiss. Which of the following describes how gender is represented in this film?
      1. Emphasized femininity (correct)
      2. Beauty ideals (correct)
      3. Objectification (correct)
      4. Implicit bias
      5. Answer feedback: Gender in film emphasizes traditionally feminine traits like beauty, which objectify the woman and leave her inner world unexplored.
    5. How does the halo effect indicate attractiveness is associated with positive traits? Select all that apply.
      1. Beautiful people are often thought to lack intelligence.
      2. Older women are considered to be the most knowledgeable.
      3. Attractive people are perceived as more valuable to society. (correct)
      4. Attractive people are more likely to be bullied.
      5. Answer feedback: The halo effect is a cognitive bias in our society that perceives attractive people as more valuable and worthy than those with attributes deemed ugly or abnormal.

    Chapter 13: Education and Employment

    1. What does the Childcare Trilemma refer to? Select all that apply.
      1. The financial challenge makes it difficult to find childcare that is high quality, affordable for families, and that compensates teachers well. (correct)
      2. The problem that makes it hard for parents, children, and teachers to access healthy food.
      3. This childcare dilemma involves pay, ratios, and availability that do not provide enough income for stockholders.
      4. The dilemma that teachers face when deciding whether to stay home with their own children or return to teaching in a childcare center.
      5. Answer feedback: The childcare trilemma includes three elements in constant tension. In our present system, we observe difficulty accessing high-quality child care, high cost of tuition, and low pay for teachers.
    2. The Federal Student Aid system makes some assumptions about how families function.Which familial aspects do they consider? Select all that apply.
      1. The age and marital status of the applicant. (correct)
      2. The number of siblings an applicant has.
      3. Whether or not the applicant is adopted.
      4. The age and employment status of the applicant.
      5. Answer feedback: The FAFSA application asks about some aspects of family diversity, but it makes assumptions about the age and marital status of the applicant.
    3. Poorly paid and unstable jobs, such as entry-level administrative support and service industry jobs, often held by women, are said to have a _____________, such that it is very difficult to advance.
      1. Intersectionality
      2. Glass ceiling
      3. Sticky floor (correct)
      4. Middle management
      5. Answer feedback: Any parent may face gaps in career progression, but women face societal expectations and the physical labor of pregnancy and childbirth. Black women face additional challenges such as less access to health care for themselves and their children.
    4. Which of the following are aspects of care work? Select all that apply.
      1. Keeping a household running (correct)
      2. Caring for adults and children (correct)
      3. Payment
      4. Maintaining relationships with extended family (correct)
      5. Answer feedback: Expectations that women have an instinct for caregiving pressures them to perform more care work. Care work is added to the requirement that they have a full-time job. The pandemic exacerbated this trend and many working mothers left the workforce.
    5. Which demographic trends have been observed in American families over recent decades?
      1. An increase in the nuclear family living arrangement
      2. A decrease in single-parent households
      3. An increase in the divorce rate relative to marriage rates
      4. An increase in the average age of first marriages (correct)
      5. Answer feedback: People are marrying later, and this trend contributes to the declining rate of marriage in the U.S.

    Chapter 14: Meaning and Purpose

    1. What are some similar values and beliefs in Maslow’s model and the Blackfoot model of human needs? Select all that apply.
      1. Kinship helps you transcend the self. (correct)
      2. Kinship with family is more important than cultural and collective achievement.
      3. Belonging and love help someone feel a sense of meaning. (correct)
      4. Kinship is less important than meaning.
      5. Answer feedback: Maslow’s model and the Blackfoot model of human needs identify the importance of belonging and love in finding a sense of meaning and purpose. In turn, a person transcends themselves and feels a greater connection with the universe or a higher power.
    2. Which of the following statements is true about the results of the “Meaning in 17 Advanced Countries” study? Select all that apply.
      1. Men were more likely than women to indicate family or children as meaningful in their lives.
      2. Older adults were more likely to indicate health and retirement as meaningful in their lives. (correct)
      3. People with lower levels of education and income were more likely to rate family as meaning-makers.
      4. Young adults were more likely to mention community as meaningful in their lives. (correct)
      5. Answer feedback: Young adults rate peers and community as more meaningful than health and retirement, in contrast to older adults. Although there are relationships between gender, education, and meaning, they are not correctly listed here.
    3. Which of the following statements is correct about creativity? Select all that apply.
      1. It is a healthy way to cope with trauma. (correct)
      2. It involves looking at things in a new way. (correct)
      3. It must introduce new ideas.
      4. It is a part of generativity in middle adulthood. (correct)
      5. Answer feedback: Creativity can come in many forms. It does not refer only to the production of new ideas. Creative expression helps us to think flexibly, cope with trauma, and develop a sense of meaning that helps one feel a sense of generativity in middle adulthood.
    4. Which of the following describes the impact of forced assimilation at Indian boarding schools?
      1. Trauma from physical and sexual abuse. (correct)
      2. Unmarked graves with thousands of bodies. (correct)
      3. Death of Indigenous languages and cultures. (correct)
      4. Economic self-sufficiency.
      5. Answer feedback: The United States used Indian boarding schools to commit cultural genocide, erasing Indian culture and removing families from the development of their children. The dehumanizing logic underlying this process created horrific abuses and murders.