8.6: Notes

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Matt Sienkiewicz
University of California Press

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¹ Vincent Brossel, Jean-François Julliard, and Reza Moini, Afghanistan: What Gains for Press Freedom from Hamid Karzai’s Seven Years as President? (Paris: Reporters Without Borders, 2009), 3.

² George W. Bush, “Remarks by President George W. Bush at the 20th Anniversary of the National Endowment for Democracy,” National Endowment for Democracy, www.ned.org/remarks-by-president-george-w-bush-at-the-20th-anniversary/.

³ George W. Bush, “Transcript of President Bush’s Address,” CNN, September 21, 2001, http://edition.cnn.com/2001/US/09/20...sh.transcript/.

⁴ Lynn Spigel, “Entertainment Wars: Television Culture after 9/11,” American Quarterly 56.2 (2004): 249.

⁵ Carol A. Stabile and Deepa Kumar, “Unveiling Imperialism: Media, Gender and the War on Afghanistan,” Media, Culture & Society 27.5 (2005): 766.

⁶ Ibid., 773.

⁷ Lina Abirafeh, Gender and International Aid in Afghanistan: The Politics and Effects of Intervention (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2009).

⁸ Zoya, John Follain, Rita Cristofari, and Rita Wolf, Zoya’s Story: An Afghan Woman’s Struggle for Freedom (New York: HarperCollins, 2002).

⁹ Latifa, My Forbidden Face (London: Virago, 2002).

¹⁰ Abirafeh, Gender and International Aid in Afghanistan, 28.

¹¹ Islah Jad, “The NGO‐isation of Arab Women’s Movements,” IDS Bulletin 35.4 (2004): 34–42.

¹² Abirafeh, Gender and International Aid in Afghanistan, 30.

¹³ Ibid., 16.

¹⁴ Daniel Lerner, The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the Middle East (New York: Free Press, 1958).

¹⁵ James Miller. “NGOs and ‘Modernization’ and ‘Democratization’ of Media: Situating Media Assistance.” Global Media and Communication 5.1 (2009): 16.

¹⁶ Herman Wasserman and Shakuntala Rao, “The Glocalization of Journalism Ethics.” Journalism 9.2 (2008): 163–181.

¹⁷ Miller, “NGOs and Modernization,” 16.

¹⁸ Michael Curtin, Playing to the World’s Biggest Audience: The Globalization of Chinese Film and TV (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007).

¹⁹ Michael J. Barker. “Democracy or Polyarchy? US-Funded Media Developments in Afghanistan and Iraq post 9/11,” Media, Culture, and Society 30.1 (2008): 119.

²⁰ Abirafeh, Gender and International Aid in Afghanistan, 19.

²¹ Habib Amiri, personal communication, June 2013.

²² Barker, “Democracy or Polyarchy?” 109–130.

²³ This is not to say that such a person might not exist. However, the trend of young women serving as producers under slightly less young males was remarkable in its consistency during my Skype and Facebook interviews.

²⁴ Wazhmah Osman, “Thinking outside the Box: Television and the Afghan Culture Wars” (PhD diss., New York University, 2012), 132.

²⁵ Rokhsar Azamee, personal communication, June 2013.

²⁶ I realize this is a serious accusation, but I firmly believe it to be the case. In my discussions, multiple young male producers, whom I will not name in this context, attested to working shifts lasting over twenty-four hours. To them, these tasks seemed more or less akin to that of a college student pulling an all-nighter—stories recounted with nostalgia but nonetheless indicative of labor exploitation.

²⁷ A lead producer of multiple high-rating Tolo shows might make as little as $1,200/month in a city that suffers from considerable housing and food inflation.

²⁸ Colin Soloway and Abubaker Saddigue, USAID’s Assistance to the Media Sector in Afghanistan (Washington: USAID, 2005).

²⁹ Abirafeh, Gender and International Aid in Afghanistan.

³⁰ Abdul Ahad Ranjbar, personal communication, June 2013.

³¹ Ibid., 408.

³² Ibid., 409.

³³ Mobina Khairandish, personal communication, June 2013.

³⁴ Farida Nekzad, personal communication, June 2013.

³⁵ Lila Abu-Lughod, “Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving? Anthropological Reflections on Cultural Relativism and Its Others,” American Anthropologist 104.3 (2002): 785.

³⁶ Ibid., 784.

³⁷ David Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism (London: Oxford University Press, 2005), 78.

³⁸ Which is not to say, however, that America did not play a role in bringing Afghanistan to the state it is currently in.

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