5.5: Sexual Marketplace
- Page ID
- 304483
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- Analyze the impact of erotic media on sexual knowledge and behavior.
- Distinguish between porn consumption and moral distress as it relates to problematic porn use.
Pornography
Some may argue that for as long as people have been having sex, folks have also sought out ways to portray sex. Originally defined as art or literature that depicted the life of prostitutes, the word pornography comes from the Greek term porni (‘prostitute’) and graphein (‘to write’; Jenkins, 2020). With time, the term pornography has evolved to generally mean content (in imagery, language, sound) that is generated with the intent to elicit sexual arousal or excitement.
With the advent of VHS tapes in the 1980s and DVDs in the mid-90s, video pornography became more available.Of course- perhaps the most profound shift in the accessibility of pornographic material arrived with the invention and ultimate ubiquity of the INTERNET. By the late 1990s, pornographic content on the internet became one of the most profitable industries (Jenkins, 2020). The private, affordable (often free), and diverse material available online has been an absolute game changer in terms of sheer consumption. By 2003 there were 1.3 million sites and 260 million pages of pornography. In 2019, the most popular mainstream pornography website, PornHub, received 42 billion visits, which means there was an average of 115 million visits per day Pornhub Insights, 2019). To be clear, that’s just one site; some scholars maintain that 10 to 20 percent of all internet activity is related to pornography (Lenz, 2020; Lehmiller, 2018).
As a consequence of the massive proliferation of pornographic material, research in the area is starting to increase. In 2014, the first international peer-reviewed scholarly journal, Porn Studies, was launched. This is certainly understandable since the potential saturation of explicit sexual content is new and distinctive to this era of humankind. Indeed, many questions and considerations abound and, as history has certainly illuminated before, the issues are not as black and white as one might initially predict.
What are the impacts of porn? (Or…everything you wanted to know about pornography but were afraid to ask.)
Pornography is one of those topics that have catalyzed public, political, faith-based, legal, and personal interest. On the one hand, the growing engagement in topics around porn use can be instructive and helpful. On the other hand, assumptions about porn use and/or ongoing misinformation can be reductionistic and harmful. Unfortunately, this section isn’t exhaustive on all the issues, however our intent is to balance the emerging data with folks’ unique experiences in ways that will be educational and empowering, especially in terms of one’s own decision making.
(Spoiler: For almost all of these questions, the answer typically involves the concept of… it depends.)
Is pornography a public health concern?
In 2016, pornography became a campaign issue among Republicans and the state of Utah officially declared pornography a “public health crisis” (Lehmiller, 2018). In the next three years, 16 more U.S. states introduced resolutions stating that pornography is deemed a crisis of public health (Nelson & Rothman, 2020). So…is it? Well- it depends on how you define a public health crisis. If one defines a public health crisis as something in which there is an acute event needing immediate response, direct or imminent contagion leading to death (e.g. Covid), an event with property destruction, population displacement, and/or an event that overwhelms local response to community health, then pornography consumption likely does not meet that criteria (Nelson & Rothman, 2020). Importantly, that doesn’t preclude engagement from public health processes, especially in terms of education, awareness, and harm reduction.
In the U.S. an estimated 36-75% of men and 16-41% of women report pornography usage (Berger, Kehoe, Doan, Crain, Klam, Marshall, & Christman, 2019). Between twenty to thirty percent of kids between 10-12 years old have reported some exposure to pornographic in the United States (Efrati, 2019). With exposure to pornography occurring in early adolescence, concerns have risen regarding kids’ and teens’ developmental impact of viewing such explicit materials. Interestingly, the evidence that porn exposure (particularly intentional, repeated engagement) has entirely negative consequences isn’t corroborated. In Peter and Valkenburg’s (2016) review of 20 years of research on adolescents and pornography, only a few, consistent findings emerged. Pornography use was associated with more permissive sexual attitudes (e.g. acceptance of casual sex, early sexual activity, which was stronger for girls), as well as linked with stronger gender-stereotypical sexual attitudes. They also noted a higher likelihood to engage in sexual aggression (male) as well as to experience it (female). Finally, there were mixed data regarding pornography consumption and the use of condoms. Importantly, this massive review covered studies from all over the world with multiple perspectives, laws and norms informing their respective outcomes. Still- there’s some critical information yielded, which may certainly have public health and education implications. Ultimately- this leads to another question:
Is pornography a sex educator?
In a review of qualitative studies, some consistencies emerged regarding an association between exposure to porn and acquisition of sexual education (both positive and negative; Peter & Valkenburg, 2016). There were some initial indicators that showed some adolescents learn sexual scripts from pornography, with some teens imitating what they see. On average, adolescents reported pornographic scripts as “unrealistic,” however with frequent consumption, that perception shifted, as did more permissive sexual attitudes. Ultimately, more research will want to examine the role of pornography as a sex educator (especially in areas where comprehensive sexuality education is not occurring).
Although the evidence regarding the impact of pornography on adolescents is mixed, public health officials argue that media literacy skills help adolescents think critically about sexualized and non-sexualized media to which they are exposed (Rothman, Daley, & Alder, 2020). Consequently, a rising number of porn literacy programs are emerging as an adjunct to CSE or as stand-alone training. Certainly expanding notions of healthy sexuality, consent, and media engagement may be quite essential in equipping teens with more information (initial results of program efficacy are promising; Rothman, Daley, & Alder, 2020).
One area for consideration, of course, is when pornography consumption becomes compulsive in nature. Indeed, in one study, 10-18% of adolescent porn users met the criteria for compulsive sexual behavior disorder (Efrait, 2019). This leads to our next question:
Is pornography addictive?
Perhaps one of the most recurrent questions in terms of porn consumption is “Can watching porn become addictive?” This question often stems from fear; fear of out-of-control behavior, fear that one’s partner will only want to watch porn versus engage in physical intimacy with them, and/or fear of moral/religious recriminations. Indeed, there’s been little public discourse about what it means to engage with porn, nor any widespread porn literacy available yet to emerging adolescents and young adults. Just like the other questions, our answer: It depends. Let’s break it down.
There are two major domains that need to be considered. The first is how we define addiction, along with the social/moral standards of the acceptance of porn use, including relationships with frequency of porn use. What the literature consistently shows is that perceptions of morality impact distress, which lends to self-identified problematic pornography use. The second area we will examine is the recent inclusion of Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD) in the International Classification of Disease and both practical and neurological underpinnings of the CSBD.
Frequency of Porn Usage and Moral Incongruity as Factors of Distress
Pornography use is controversial, despite its’ perceived ubiquitous nature (one 2016 study found 70% of men and 40% women reported consuming porn in the previous year; Grubbs, Kraus, & Perry, 2019). There are many notable and public cases of porn use being depicted as an indicator of sexual deviancy, moral failing, a relationship killer, a ‘new drug’ and much more. While there has been a massive amount of public sentiment about pornography, empirical evidence about porn use has emerged with more clarity in the past decade. One of the most important and consistent findings is that distress linked to porn use is certainly real; in one national sample over 10% of men and 7% of women perceived themselves as having difficulty controlling their sexual feelings, urges, and behaviors in a way that causes them distress (Dickenson, Gleason, Coleman, Minder, 2018).
The challenge of determining if this distress is clinically significant has also been explored. How does one know if their porn usage is too much? In some instances, just viewing an image or watching a video once is deemed as something immoral and problematic. In other cases, daily intake of pornography may seem completely normative and non-problematic. In other words, frequency of usage is quite subjective and, taken alone, not a useful indicator of problematic porn use. Indeed, frequency of pornography use is not considered to be a reliable indicator of problematic pornography use. Research finds that the number of people with high frequency of porn use with no reported problems were 3 to 6 times higher than those with problematic high rates of porn use (Bőthe, Tóth-Király, Potenza, Orosz, & Demetrovics, 2020). In other words, how often someone consumes pornography is not, by itself, a clinical indicator of problematic use.
“People may report feeling addicted to pornography or sexual behavior for various reasons, but morality and moral distress seem to be key parts of why individuals might they they are addicted to pornography or sexual behavior” (italics mine; 2020, p. 266).
Even in a cursory review of religion and pornography on YouTube, there were dozens upon dozens of videos condemning porn use from a variety of faiths (Christianity, Latter Day Saints, Catholicism, Judaism, Islam, even a Yogic admonishment). In sum, if one is aligned with faith practices that condemn pornography, but they’re still consuming porn – they are more likely to experience moral incongruence and, consequently, are more likely to self-diagnose that their behavior is problematic.
Importantly, whether someone is actually experiencing problematic, excessive pornography use or if they are distinctively undergoing distress because of any/all use are important factors in clinical response. Certainly, if someone is experiencing emotional pain, psychological consequences, and/or significant interpersonal consequences, intervention may be critical (Grubbs, et al, 2018). With that in mind, more guidance has recently emerged for diagnostic purposes.
Conclusion
Like so many things that are discussed in this class, we are only touching the surface of the complexities of issues around pornography and sex work. And- like so many of our topics, what has been illuminated shows both the normative aspects of human sexuality, as well as the challenges of complex responses to sexual stimuli. Certainly we are compelled to effortfully consider culture, norms and attitudes, physiology, technology and our own personal preferences as we navigate through the emerging issues of pornography and sex work.
Licenses & Attributions
Instant History (2018, July 19). How porn was born: The animated history of pornography [Video].
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=talRFx_GDIk. License: All Rights Reserved. License Terms: Standard YouTube license.
KB Creative Lab (2013, July 29). Porn sex vs real sex: The differences explained with food [Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q64hTNEj6KQ&t=1s. License: All Rights Reserved. License Terms: Standard YouTube license.
Lawless, T. (2017, October 24). Sex work is integral to the feminist movment [Video]. TEDxYouthSydney. https://youtu.be/hi_OwpNndo8. License: All Rights Reserved. License Terms: Standard YouTube license.
Vox (2020, June 8). The most urgent threat of deepfakes isn’t politics [Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hHHCrf2-x6w. License: All Rights Reserved. License Terms: Standard YouTube license.
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