5.16: End of Chapter Synthesis
- Page ID
- 212576
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)
\( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
\( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\)
\( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\)
\( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)
\( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorA}[1]{\vec{#1}} % arrow\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorAt}[1]{\vec{\text{#1}}} % arrow\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorB}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorC}[1]{\textbf{#1}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorD}[1]{\overrightarrow{#1}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorDt}[1]{\overrightarrow{\text{#1}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectE}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{\mathbf {#1}}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)
\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Chapter Summary
Religion can be key to a person’s identity. It manifests both as an internal sentiment as well as in structures in a landscape. The religious world is always changing, but at a pace that is generally very slow. New religions are created, while other religions may fade away, or change. The general historical trend has been toward a small number of universalizing religions gaining ground over local, ethnic religions. Religious differences can lead to conflict, although many conflicts presented as religious in nature have their roots elsewhere. Just like language, religion is another way of sorting people into groups, either for good or bad. Another such way of sorting people is ethnicity, the subject of the next chapter.
Chapter Key Terms Defined
Agnostic: The belief that existence of the supernatural is unknown or unknowable.
Atheistic: The belief that there is nothing supernatural.
Branches: A large division of a religion.
Canonized doctrine: The officially recognized documents or ideas of a religion.
Ethnic religions: A religion associated with a particular ethnic group.
Monotheism: The belief in one god.
Pilgrimage: A journey to a sacred place.
Polytheism: The belief in many gods.
Prophecy: Communication with a supernatural power.
Proselytizing: Seeking converts to a religion.
Religious fundamentalism: The belief in the absolute authority of a religious text.
Sacred spaces: Places associated with a sense of the divine.
Sanctuary: A haven or place of safety, often defined by law.
Schism: The fracturing of an organization.
Sectarian violence: Violence between different sects of the same religion.
Secular: A condition of separation between a state and any religion.
State religion: The official religion of a state. This is not the same as theocracy.
Syncretic religion: A religion formed by the combination of other religions.
Theocracy: A state ruled by religious principles.
Universalizing religion: A religion that seeks converts.
|
4.7 WORKS CONSULTED AND FURTHER READING Alcalay, Ammiel. 1992. After Jews And Arabs: Remaking Levantine Culture. 1 edition. Minneapolis: University Of Minnesota Press. Black, Jeremy. 2000. Maps and History: Constructing Images of the Past. Yale University Press. “Buddhist Pilgrimage Tours | Pilgrimage Tour | Buddha Darshan Tour | Buddha Tours | Buddhist Destination | Holy Buddha Places |Hotel In Buddhist Destinations | Buddhist Temples | Buddhist Monasteries.” n.d. Accessed March 17, 2013. http:// buddhistpilgrimagetours.com/. Cao, Nanlai. 2005. “The Church as a Surrogate Family for Working Class Immigrant Chinese Youth: An Ethnography of Segmented Assimilation.” Sociology of Religion 66 (2):183–200. "Catholic Pilgrimages, Catholic Group Travel & Tours By Unitours.” n.d. Accessed March 16, 2013. http://www.unitours.com/catholic/cat...lgrimages.aspx. Dorrell, David. 2018. “Using International Content in an Introductory Human Geography Course.” In Curriculum Internationalization and the Future of Education. “Global-Religion-Full.Pdf.” n.d. Accessed August 22, 2017. http://assets.pewresearch.org/ wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion -full.pdf. Gregory, Derek, ed. 2009. The Dictionary of Human Geography. 5th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell. “Hajj Umrah Packages 2011 | Hajj & Umrah Travel, Tour Operators | Umra Trips 2011 : AlHidaayah.” n.d. Accessed March 17, 2013. http://www.al-hidaayah.travel/ . Knowles, Anne Kelly, and Amy Hillier. 2008. Placing History: How Maps, Spatial Data, and GIS Are Changing Historical Scholarship. ESRI, Inc. “Modern-Day Pilgrims Beat a Path to the Camino | Travel | The Guardian.” n.d. Accessed March 16, 2013. http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2011/may/02/camino -pilgrims-route. “OpenStreetMap.” 2018. OpenStreetMap. Accessed January 5, 2018. https://www. openstreetmap.org/ . Thompson, Lee, and Tony Clay. 2008. “Critical Literacy and the Geography Classroom: Including Gender and Feminist Perspectives.” New Zealand Geographer 64 (3):228–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7939.2008.00148 .x. “World Religions Religion Statistics Geography Church Statistics.” n.d. Accessed January 5, 2018. http://www.adherents.com/ . Bank, World. 2017. “Metadata Glossary.” DataBank. Accessed August 20. http://databank. worldbank.org/data/glossarymetadata/source/all/concepts/ 6.8 ENDNOTES 1. Data source: Pew Research Center’s Forum on Religion & Public Life 2012. http:// www.globalreligiousfutures.org/explorer#/ 2. Data source: Pew Research Center’s Forum on Religion & Public Life 2012. http:// www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projections-2010-2050/ 3. Data source: United States Census Bureau http://www2.census.gov/geo/tiger/ TIGER_DP/2016ACS/ACS_2016_5YR_COUNTY.gdb.zip 4. Data source: OpenStreetMap. http://www.geofabrik.de/data/ 5. Data source: OpenStreetMap. http://www.geofabrik.de/data/ 6. Data source: OpenStreetMap. http://www.geofabrik.de/data/ 7. Data source: OpenStreetMap. http://www.geofabrik.de/data/ 8. Data source: OpenStreetMap. http://www.geofabrik.de/data/ 9. Data source: OpenStreetMap. http://www.geofabrik.de/data/ 10. Data source: OpenStreetMap. http://www.geofabrik.de/data/ 11. Data source: OpenStreetMap. http://www.geofabrik.de/data/ 12. Adapted from Proliferation of Buddhism. Spiegel Online http://www.spiegel.de/ international/spiegel/grossbild-460247-779134.html 13. Adapted from https://www.ed.ac.uk/divinity/resear.../animated-maps 14. Adapted from http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/...e/opr/t253/e17 Attributions:This text was remixed from the following OER Texts under Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share and Share a like 4.0 international license unless otherwise specified.
OER (2of 2): Introduction to human Geography A Disciplinary Approach 3rd Edition by Graves. Published California State University Northridge Department of Geography https://sites.google.com/site/gravesgeography/introduction-to-human-geography |
|
Further Links and Reading to Explore |
|
Boroditsky, Lera. "How language shapes thought." Scientific American 304, no. 2 (2011): 62-65. or New York Times Magazine Video Explaining some of the Ancestral Roots of American Dialects: https://www.businessinsider.com/anim...ents-come-from 2018-5?jwsource=cl Business Insider Article on American Dialects: Quartz Magazine: Linguists found the world’s “weirdest” languages—and English is one of them. The Great American Word Mapper National Geographic: Article on Gullah/Geechee Speakers in the Low Country of Georgia/South Carolina. Gizmodo: How English describes color vs how Chinese describes color Atlas Obscura: The Enduring Mystery of ‘Jawn,’ Philadelphia’s All-Purpose Noun BBC: The Surprising Story of the Basque Language |
Chapter 5: Key Terms & Definitions |
Speech community: People who share a similar cultural background and language knowledge.Langue: The internal mental capacity for language. Parole: The external manifestation of ideas through speech. Creole: A blended language differentiated from a pidgin language by its more complex grammar and its status as a first language. Cultural schemata: A system of standards for perceiving, believing, evaluating and acting. Speech situations: Locations and occasions requiring the use of different styles of language. Cultural scripts: The “scripts” that guide social behavior and language use in everyday speaking situations. Language branch: A group of languages which share common linguistic and have evolved from a common ancestor. Language family: A collection of languages within a family with a common ancestral language. Proto-language: An historic language from which known languages are believed to have descended by differentiation of the proto-language into the languages that form a language family. Dialect: Variants of the single language. Pidgin: A composite language with a simplified grammatical system and a limited vocabulary. Lingua franca: A language used to make communication possible between people who do not share a native language. Bilingual: Being able to use two languages with varying degrees of fluency. Toponymy: The study of place names. Text: The use and arrangement of specific language forms. Typological classification: Classification based on the comparison of the formal similarities in pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary which exist among languages. Official language: A language that is given a special legal status over other languages in a country. Intergenerational language shift: A linguistic pattern of acculturation found in US immigrant groups in which a group shifts from being non-English monolingual to English monolingual. |
|
WORKS CONSULTED AND FURTHER READING Bloomer, Aileen, Patrick Griffths and Andrew John Merrison. 2005. Introducing Language in Use: A Coursebook. London: Routledge. Chimombo, M.P.F. and Robert L. Roseberry. 1998. The Power of Discourse: An Introduction to Discourse Analysis. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. Cook, Guy. 1992. The Discourse of Advertising. London: Routledge. Crystal, David. 1987. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Downes, William. 1998. Language and Society, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Grosjean, François. 1982. Life with Two Languages: An Introduction to Bilingualism. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. Hinton, Sam and Larissa Hjorth. 2013. Understanding Social Media. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Kramsch, Claire. 1998. Language and Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lightfoot, David. 1999. The Development of Language: Acquisition, Change, and Evolution. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Meyerhoff, Miriam. 2006. Introducing Sociolinguistics. London: Routledge Ostler, Nicholas. 2005. Empires of the Word: A Language History of the World. New York: Harper Collins Publishers. Ramírez, Arnulfo G. 1995. Creating Contexts for Second Language Learning. White Plains, New York: Longman Publishers, USA. Ramírez, Arnulfo G. 2008. Linguistic Competence across Learner Varieties of Spanish. Munich: LINCOM-EUROPA. Romaine, Suzanne. 1994. Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Spolsky, Bernard. 1998. Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Stewart, George. 1982. Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States. Available through Penguin Random House, paperback edition 2008. Yule, George. 1996. Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5.8 ENDNOTES 1. Engel, Matthew. That’s The Way It Crumbles: The American Conquest of the English Language. London: Profile Books, 2017) 2. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/...-languagestudy 3. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/11/f...itishisms.html 4. Data adapted from https://www.kaggle.com/rtatman/world...age-family-map and http://jonathansoma.com/open-source-language-map/ 5. Ethnologue. 2013. https://www.ethnologue.com/world 6. Noack, Rick. 2015. “The World’s Languages, in 7 Maps and Charts.” Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/...ps-and-charts/ 7. Nisen, Max. 2013. “Map Shows How American Speak 24 Different English Dialects.” Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/dial...nglish-2013-12 8. “Languages.” 2016. Accredited Language Services (blog). https://www. accreditedlanguage.com/category/languages/ 9. United States Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/news/ data-releases/2015.html 10. Hallock, Jie Zong, Jeanne Batalova Jie Zong, Jeanne Batalova, and Jeffrey. 2018. “Frequently Requested Statistics on Immigrants and Immigration in the United States.” Migrationpolicy.Org. February 2, 2018. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/ article/frequently-requested-statistics-immigrants-and-immigration-united-states . 11. United States Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/news/ data-releases/2015.html 12. “What Is Social Media? - Definition from WhatIs.Com.” 2018. https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/social-media . 13. “Social Media.” 2018. Wikipedia. https://en.Wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_ media&oldid=855175226 . |