7.9: End of Chapter Synthesis
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The future dynamics of migration are very difficult to predict, but certain geographic realities provide clues for where patterns are likely to change. In those parts of the world where societies are quickly aging and fertility rates continue to decline, we can expect rates of immigration to increase. Certain countries have experienced and will continue to experience dramatic population decline (most notably Germany, Italy, Russia, and Japan), and the demand for young, workingaged immigrants will certainly continue to draw more people to those places. Japan and China represent unique cases because both are aging and yet have been resistant to allowing outsiders to become citizens or permanent residents. In spite of cultural preferences for ethnic homogeneity, it would seem likely that the culture will shift and become more accepting of outsiders, as the country needs them to take care of the elderly, pay taxes, and provide an infusion of energy into the respective countries.
Meanwhile, people living in places without sufficient opportunities will continue to move away in search of jobs and better circumstances, regardless of the attempts made by wealthy nations to keep them out. Source countries and destinations will continue to shift, as they always have. More Mexicans have returned than have left the US in recent years, and it is no longer the leading sending source country of migration to the US. Rather, more people are now coming from Central America. The demographic pressures in many African countries will absolutely drive more working-aged people out of the continent in search of better opportunities even as the journey becomes increasingly dangerous. As the Internet becomes more pervasive on that continent, more people will find the information that they need in order to plan their emigration. Finally, the highly-skilled people of the world will continue to be increasingly mobile and largely unaffected by borders or increased security. Computer programmers, nurses, doctors, engineers, and high-tech workers of all sorts will use the globe to their advantage and seek out places that best fit their desires. Television shows like “House Hunters International” demonstrate how the vast numbers of people who work online or in highly-skilled careers can virtually live anywhere. Wealthy people from across the globe are leaving their passport countries by the millions, as Wi-Fi networks are now available across the world. The poor and wealthy alike will continue to move about the planet, reconstituting the human geography of our world well into the twenty-first century but for very different reasons and with very different experiences.
Key Terms Defined for Chapter |
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Agricultural density: The number of farmers per unit area of arable land. Arithmetic density: The population of a country divided by its total land area. Carrying capacity: The maximum population size that the environment can sustain indefinitely. Cartogram: map in which some thematic mapping variable—such as population—is substituted for land area or distance. Cohort: A subset of a population, generally defined by an age range. Crude birth rate: Total number of live births per 1,000 of a population in a year. Crude death rate: Total number of deaths per 1,000 of a population in a year. Demographic transition: The transition from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a country or region develops. Dependency ratio: The ratio of those not in the labor force (generally ages 0 to 14 and 65+) and those in the labor force. Doubling time: The period of time required for a population to double in size. Ecological Fallacy: Characteristics about the nature of individuals are deduced from inference for the group to which those individuals belong. Ecumene: The Greek concept of the habitable part of the Earth Infant mortality rate: The number of infant deaths that occur for every 1,000 live births. Life expectancy: The number of years that one is expected to live as determined by statistics. Morbidity: The state of being diseased or unhealthy within a population. Mortality: The number of people who have died within a population. Overpopulation: A condition in which a place has outstripped its ability to provide for its own needs. Physiological density: The number of people per unit area of arable land. Population density: A measurement of population per areal unit, such as the world, a region, a country or other area. Population momentum: The tendency for population growth to continue due to high concentrations of people in the childbearing years. Population projection: An estimate of future population. Population pyramid: Graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population. Rate of natural increase: The crude birth rate minus the crude death rate. This rate excludes the effect of migration. Replacement level: The average number of children a woman needs to have to ensure the population replaces itself. The number is roughly 2.1. Total fertility rate: The average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime. |
Migration Key Terms & Definitions |
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Asylum seeker – those who leave the sovereign territory of one country in order to achieve refugee status in another, based upon claims of danger because of race, religion, nationality, or other pertinent identifiers. Brain drain – the collective loss of skills, education, training, and wealth that occurs when highly-skilled and educated people move away from a country (usually away from a relatively poor country). Brain gain – the collective gain of skills, education, training, and wealth that occurs when highly-skilled and educated people move into another country (usually to a relatively wealthier country). Brain waste – a phenomenon in which international migrants with high levels of education and/or training often are not eligible to work in their area of training due to regulations or certification requirements, resulting in a “wasted” potential in certain groups. Diaspora – a group of people sharing a common historical and ethnic connection to a territory, but who no longer live in that territory or country. Some members of a diaspora may have been removed from the traditional homeland for multiple generations but still identify with it as a “homeland.” Ecumene – human inhabited areas of Earth Emigrant – an individual who moves away from one country into another for a prolonged period. The definition of “prolonged” varies by country and is defined by the World Bank as a minimum of one year. Forced migration – a type of movement in which individuals or groups are coerced into moving by an external set of forces, most notably environmental, economic, social, or political factors. Globalization – all those processes, technologies, and systems that result in greater connections, communication, and movement among increasingly distant people and places on Earth. Guest worker – someone without legal permanent status who has been granted permission to reside in a country’s territory in order to work for a specific set of time on a particular kind of work. Highly skilled migration – patterns movement by those with skills that are in high demand on the global market. Examples include nurses, doctors, IT specialists, actors/artists, and athletes who tend to enjoy greater levels of movement across borders than others. Immigrant – an individual who moves for a prolonged period to another country. The definition of “prolonged” varies by country. In 2016 there were 246 million immigrants in the world. Internally Displaced People (IDP) – those who have moved or been forced to move from a homeland for the same reasons as refugees but have not crossed an international boundary and do not have refugee status. Laws of migration – generalizations about international migration as detailed by nineteenth-century demographers Migration – a permanent move to a new location Net migration – the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants in any given year Points system – a national immigration policy that seeks to attract people with a specific set of skills, experience, and job training to satisfy unmet demand among those currently in the country. Regardless of origin country, anyone with the prescribed set of skills, linguistic ability, and education may apply to migrate to that country if they have acquired enough points to do so. Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and England all have a points system. Pull Factor – those forces that encourage people to move into a particular place Push Factor – those forces that encourage people to move away from a particular place Refugee – an individual who, owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality, and is unable, or unwilling, to avail themselves of the protection of that country. An individual who has been granted “refugee” status is afforded a certain set of rights and privileges, most notably, the right not to be forcibly returned to the country of origin. Remittances – money sent “home” by international migrants. Remittances represent the largest single source of external funding in many developing countries. The global figure for 2016 was US$600 billion. Return migration – a return of a migrant to the country or place of origin Transnationalism – exchanges and interactions across borders that are a regular and sustained part of migrants’ realities and activities that transcend a purely “national” space. Undocumented migrants – those inside of a country without proper authorization or proof of residence. Visa – the legal permission granted by a receiving country to those seeking to enter. Examples include tourist, temporary work, and student visas. A visa is different from a passport. Asylum seeker – those who leave the sovereign territory of one country in order to achieve refugee status in another, based upon claims of danger because of race, religion, nationality, or other pertinent identifiers. Brain drain – the collective loss of skills, education, training, and wealth that occurs when highly-skilled and educated people move away from a country (usually away from a relatively poor country). Brain gain – the collective gain of skills, education, training, and wealth that occurs when highly-skilled and educated people move into another country (usually to a relatively wealthier country). Brain waste – a phenomenon in which international migrants with high levels of education and/or training often are not eligible to work in their area of training due to regulations or certification requirements, resulting in a “wasted” potential in certain groups. Diaspora – a group of people sharing a common historical and ethnic connection to a territory, but who no longer live in that territory or country. Some members of a diaspora may have been removed from the traditional homeland for multiple generations but still identify with it as a “homeland.” Ecumene – human inhabited areas of Earth Emigrant – an individual who moves away from one country into another for a prolonged period. The definition of “prolonged” varies by country and is defined by the World Bank as a minimum of one year. Forced migration – a type of movement in which individuals or groups are coerced into moving by an external set of forces, most notably environmental, economic, social, or political factors. Globalization – all those processes, technologies, and systems that result in greater connections, communication, and movement among increasingly distant people and places on Earth. Guest worker – someone without legal permanent status who has been granted permission to reside in a country’s territory in order to work for a specific set of time on a particular kind of work. Highly skilled migration – patterns movement by those with skills that are in high demand on the global market. Examples include nurses, doctors, IT specialists, actors/artists, and athletes who tend to enjoy greater levels of movement across borders than others. Immigrant – an individual who moves for a prolonged period to another country. The definition of “prolonged” varies by country. In 2016 there were 246 million immigrants in the world. Internally Displaced People (IDP) – those who have moved or been forced to move from a homeland for the same reasons as refugees but have not crossed an international boundary and do not have refugee status. Laws of migration – generalizations about international migration as detailed by nineteenth-century demographers Migration – a permanent move to a new location Net migration – the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants in any given year Points system – a national immigration policy that seeks to attract people with a specific set of skills, experience, and job training to satisfy unmet demand among those currently in the country. Regardless of origin country, anyone with the prescribed set of skills, linguistic ability, and education may apply to migrate to that country if they have acquired enough points to do so. Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and England all have a points system. Pull Factor – those forces that encourage people to move into a particular place Push Factor – those forces that encourage people to move away from a particular place Refugee – an individual who, owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality, and is unable, or unwilling, to avail themselves of the protection of that country. An individual who has been granted “refugee” status is afforded a certain set of rights and privileges, most notably, the right not to be forcibly returned to the country of origin. Remittances – money sent “home” by international migrants. Remittances represent the largest single source of external funding in many developing countries. The global figure for 2016 was US$600 billion. Return migration – a return of a migrant to the country or place of origin Transnationalism – exchanges and interactions across borders that are a regular and sustained part of migrants’ realities and activities that transcend a purely “national” space. Undocumented migrants – those inside of a country without proper authorization or proof of residence. Visa – the legal permission granted by a receiving country to those seeking to enter. Examples include tourist, temporary work, and student visas. A visa is different from a passport. |
Works Consulted and Further Reading |
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Boyle, Paul, and Keith Halfacree. Exploring contemporary migration. Routledge, 2014. Castles, Stephen, Hein de Haas, and Mark J. Miller. The age of migration: international population movements in the modern world. New York: Guilford Press, 2014. Collins, Nathan. “Why — and When Did Early Humans Leave Africa?” Pacific Standard, September 21, 2016. https://psmag.com/why-and-when-did-e...b70#.p0wpltf4t. Cornish, Audie. “This Simple Puzzle Test Sealed The Fate Of Immigrants At Ellis Island.” National Public Radio, May 17, 2017. http://www.npr.org/2017/05/17/528813842/ this-simple-puzzle-test-sealed-the-fate-of-immigrants-at-ellis-island. Czaika, Mathias and Hein de Haas. “The Globalization of Migration: Has the World Become More Migratory?” International Migration Review 48, no. 2 (Summer 2014): 283–323. https://doi.org/10.1111/imre.12095. Donald, Adam. “Immigration Points-Based Systems Compared.” BBC News, June 1, 2016. http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-29594642 Eurostat. “Migration and migrant population statistics.” http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ statistics-explained/index.php/Migration_and_migrant_population_statistics. Global Migration Group: http://www.globalmigrationgroup.org. International Organization for Migration. “Missing Migrants Project.” https://missingmigrants.iom.int. Jennings, Ralph. “Taiwan Gambles on Visa-Free Entry For Citizens of the Poorer Philippines.” Forbes, May 15, 2017. https://www.forbes.com/sites/ ralphjennings/2017/05/15/modern-taiwan-gambles-on-visa-waiver-for-citizensof-the-poorer-philippines/#5a8489656ab7 Koh, Yoree. “Study: Immigrants Founded 51 percent of US Billion-Dollar Startups. The Wall Street Journal.” The Wall Street Journal, March 17, 2016. https://blogs. wsj.com/digits/2016/03/17/study-immigrants-founded-51-of-u-s-billion-dollarstartups. Migration Policy Institute. https://www.migrationpolicy.org. NBC News. “Trump Calls for ‘Complete Shutdown of Muslims Entering the US’” Meet the Press, December 7, 2016. https://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/video/ trump-calls-for-complete-shut-down-of-muslims-entering-US-581645891511. Oxford Bibliographies. (2013). “The Chinese Diaspora.” http://www.oxfordbibliographies. com/view/document/obo-9780199920082/obo-9780199920082-0070.xml. Ratha, Dilip. “Understanding the Importance of Remittances.” Migration Information Source, October 1, 2004. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/arti...ce-remittances. Russell, Sharon Stanton. “Refugees: Risks and Challenges Worldwide.” Migration Information Source, November 1, 2002. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/ article/refugees-risks-and-challenges-worldwide. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs/Population Division. International Migration Report 2017. http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/ population/migration/publications/migrationreport/docs/MigrationReport2017. Pdf. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs/Population Division. International Migration. http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/ migration. Voice of America. “Ghana Faces Worrying Brain Drain.” Voice of America News, January 9, 2010. https://www.voanews.com/a/ghana-face...82/111371.html. World Bank Group. “Migration and Remittances Factbook 2016.” https://openknowledge. worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/23743/9781464803192. pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y. Zong, Jie and Jeanne Batalova. “Annual Refugee Resettlement Ceiling and Number of Refugees Admitted, 1980-2017.” Migration Information Source, June 7, 2017. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/arti...ission_Ceiling 3.9 ENDNOTES 1. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1965. Volume II, entry 546, pp. 1037-1040. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1966 Attributions:This text was remixed from the following OER Texts under Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share and Share a like 4.0 international license unless otherwise specified.
OER (2of 2): Introduction to human Geography A Disciplinary Approach 3rd Edition by Graves. Published California State University Northridge Department of Geography https://sites.google.com/site/gravesgeography/introduction-to-human-geography |