10.18: End of Chapter Synthesis

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Urbanization Conclusion

In summary, definitions of the terms rural and/or rurality and delineation of rural from urban areas have been long debated topics in many academic works. Rural space comes into existence in certain areas, typified by a series of factors such as land use (especially for agriculture), population density, agricultural employment, and built areas. Generally, rural areas are considered to be synonymous with more extensive land use activities in agriculture and forestry, low population density, small settlements, and an agrarian way of life. Rural space is divided into territorial entities, with variable scales, covering the local or regional economy, and each unit includes both agricultural and non-agricultural activities. Different countries have varying definitions of rural for statistical and administrative purposes. Although urbanization is a global phenomenon, today about 45.5 percent of the world’s population still lives in rural areas.

There are many types of rural settlements. Early villages had to be near a reliable water supply, be defensible, and have sufficient land nearby for cultivation, to name but a few concerns. They also had to adapt to local physical and environmental conditions, conditions that can be identified with a practiced eye. Villages in the Netherlands are linear, crowded on the dikes surrounding land reclaimed from the sea. Circular villages in parts of Africa indicate a need for a safe haven for livestock at night. A careful examination of the rural settlement of a region reveals much about its culture, history and traditions.

Most people can agree that cities are places where large numbers of people live and work, and are hubs of government, commerce, and transportation. But how best to define the geographical limits of a city is a matter of some debate. So far, no standardized international criteria exist for determining the boundaries of a city. Often, different boundary definitions are available for any given city. The “city proper,” for example, describes a city according to an administrative boundary, while “urban agglomeration,” considers the extent of the built-up area, to delineate the city’s boundaries. A third concept of the city, the “metropolitan area,” defines its boundaries according to the degree of economic and social interconnectedness of nearby areas.

The United Nations, the most comprehensive source of statistics regarding urbanization, emphasizes the fact that more than one half of the world population now lives in urban areas (54.5 percent in 2016)9 , and virtually all countries of the world are becoming increasingly urbanized. Yet, given the fact that different countries use different definitions, it is difficult to know exactly how urbanized the world has become. Canada and Australia consider urban any settlements of 1,000 inhabitants or more, for example, while a settlement of 2,000 is a significant urban center in Peru. Other countries consider other limits for urban settlements such as 5,000 inhabitants in Romania and 50,000 in Japan. Consequently, in 2016, the percentage of urban population by continent was as follows: North America, 81 percent, the most urbanized continent in the world; Latin America, 80 percent; Europe, 74 percent; Oceania, 70 percent; Asia, 48 percent; and Africa, 41 percent.

Industry has long shaped the development of urban landscapes, influencing the placement of trade sites and the overcoming of natural barriers like rivers. Iconic cities such as Chicago, Pittsburgh, New York, and Los Angeles exemplify the complex interplay between industry and urban growth. Central Place Theory, urban morphology, and models like the Concentric Ring Model, Sector Model, and Multiple Nuclei Model offer frameworks to understand these dynamics. The Latin American Model further highlights regional variations in urban development. As cities evolve, the neighborhood life cycle, suburbanization, and challenges such as redlining and urban renewal become apparent. The Interstate Highway System facilitated the rise of edge cities, while suburban dysfunction and gentrification reflect ongoing economic and social transformations. Amidst these changes, issues like homelessness persist, reminding us of the city's role as both a place of opportunity and disparity. In understanding industry through urbanization, we recognize the city's multifaceted nature and its enduring impact on economic models and the lived experiences of its inhabitants.

Chapter End of Chapter Key Terms

Urban Structures and Models:

Annexation: Legally adding land area to a city.
Central Business District (CBD): The central nucleus of commercial land uses in a city.
Centrality: The functional dominance of cities within an urban system.
City: An urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit.
Concentric Zone Model: A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings.
Multiple-Nuclei Model: A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities.
Sector Model: A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, radiating out from the central business district.
Zone in Transition: Area of mixed commercial and residential land uses surrounding the CBD.

Urban and Rural Settlements:

Blue Banana: A discontinuous corridor of urbanization in Western Europe, from North West England to Northern Italy.
Boswash: The United States megalopolis, extending from Boston to Washington D.C.
Clustered Rural Settlement: An agricultural-based community where families live in close proximity with fields surrounding the houses and farm buildings.
Dispersed Rural Settlement: A rural settlement pattern where farmers live on individual farms isolated from neighbors.
Edge City: A nodal concentration of shopping and office space situated on the outer fringes of metropolitan areas, typically near major highway intersections.
Gateway City: Serves as a link between one country or region and others because of its physical situation.
Megacity: A very large city characterized by both primacy and high centrality within its national economy.
Megalopolis (Megapolitan Region): A continuous urban complex (the chain of metropolitan areas) along a specific area (a clustered network of cities).
Primate City: The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.
Shock City: A city recording surprising and disturbing changes in economic, social, and cultural life in a short period of time.
Urban Area: A dense core of census tracts, densely settled suburbs, and low-density land that links the dense suburbs with the core.
Urban Forms: Physical structure and organization of cities.
Urban System: Interdependent set of urban settlements within a specified region.
Urbanism: Way of life, attitudes, values, and patterns of behavior fostered by urban settings.
Urbanization: Increasing concentration of population into growing metropolitan areas.

Economic and Social Concepts:

Dualism: The juxtaposition in geographic space of the formal and informal sectors of the economy.
Fiscal Squeeze: Increasing limitations on city revenues, combined with increasing demands for expenditure.
Fordism: Principles for mass production based on assembly-line techniques, scientific management, mass consumption based on higher wages, and sophisticated advertising techniques.
Informal Sector: Economic activities that take place beyond official record, not subject to formalized systems of regulation or remuneration.
Neo-Fordism: Economic principles in which the logic of mass production coupled with mass consumption is modified by the addition of more flexible production, distribution, and marketing systems.
Underemployment: Situation in which people work less than full-time even though they would prefer to work more hours.

Historical Periods and Events:

Dark Ages: Early medieval period, A.D. 476-1000.
Protestant Reformation: A schism from the Roman Catholic Church initiated by Martin Luther.
Renaissance: A period in European history, from the 14th to the 17th century, regarded as the cultural bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history.
Scientific Revolution: The emergence of modern science during the early modern period.

Settlement Patterns and Theories:

City-State: A sovereign state that consists of a city and its dependent territories.
Clustered Rural Settlement: An agricultural-based community in which a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings.
Dispersed Rural Settlement: A rural settlement pattern in which farmers live on individual farms isolated from neighbors.
Gentrification: Invasion of older, centrally located, working-class neighborhoods by higher-income households seeking the character and convenience of less expensive and well-located residences.
Hearth Areas: The locations of the five earliest urban civilizations.
Iraal: A traditional African village of huts, typically enclosed.
Merchant Capitalism: The earliest phase in the development of capitalism as an economic and social system.
Primacy: Condition in which the population of the largest city in an urban system is disproportionately large in relation to the second- and third-largest cities.
Rank-Size Rule: Statistical regularity in size distribution of cities and regions.
Reurbanization: Growth of population in metropolitan central cores, following a period of absolute or relative decline in population.
Sprawl: Development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area.
Suburbanization: Growth of population along the fringes of large metropolitan areas.
World City: City in which a disproportionate part of the world’s most important business is conducted.
World-Empire: Mini systems that have been absorbed into a common political system while retaining their fundamental cultural differences.

Works Consulted & Further Reading

Berkovitz, P. and Schulz-Greve, W. 2001. Defining the concept of rural development: A European perspective. In The challenge of rural development in the EU accession countries. Third World Bank/FAO EU Accession Workshop, Sofia, Bulgaria, June 17-20, 2000, ed. C. Csaki and Z. Lerman, 3-9. Washington, D. C.: The World Bank ___. Blue Banana. [On-line]. https://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Banana ___. https://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_B...lue_Banana.svg Cadwallader, M. 1996. Urban geography: An analytical approach.Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall Central Intelligence Service. [On-line]. https://www.cia.gov/index.html ___. http://www.romaniajournal.ro/charlot...age-in-romania ___. The circular villages of the Wendland region. [On-line] http://www.germany.travel/ en/towns-cities-culture/traditions-and-customs/circular villages ___.https://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/List_o...as_by_year_of_ foundation ___. http://www.beyondblighty.com/best-co...latin-america/ ___. https://www.google.com/search?q=comp...h&tbo=u&sourc/ ___. http://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_city ___. https://www.google.com/search?q=Indi...illages+photos Dickenson, J., Gould, B., Clarke, C., Marther, S., Siddle, D., Smith, C., and Thomas-Hope, E. 1996. A geography of the Third World. Second edition. New York: Routledge___. https://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersed_settlement ___. https://www.google.com/search?q=Erbil+Iraq+photos Green, R. and Pick, J. 2006. Exploring the urban community: A GIS approach. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall Johnston, R. J., Gregory, D., Pratt, G. and Watts, M. 2003. The dictionary of Human Geography. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing Knox, P. and McCarty, L. 2005. Urbanization: An introduction to Urban Geography. Second Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall Knox, P. and Marston, S. 2010. Human Geography: Places and regions in global context. Fifth Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Knox, P. and Marston, S. 2013. Human Geography: Places and regions in global context. Sixth Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson ___. Kraal. [On-line]. https://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraal ___. https://www.google.com/search?q=circ...n+Africa+Kraal Levis, K. Rural settlement patterns. [On-line]. http://www.lewishistoricalsociety.com/ article/aruralsettlements.html ___. https://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_settlement ___. https://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep...px?id=13161#i1 Marston, S., Knox, P., Liverman, D., Del Casino, V., and Robbins, P. 2017. World regions in global context: People, places, and environments. Sixth Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Means, B. K. 2007. Circular villages of the Monongahela tradition. [On-line]. http://www. uapress.ua.edu/product/circular-villages-of-the-Monongahela-Tradition ___. http://www.ancientmesopotamians.com/...sopotamia.html ___. https://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalopolis Northeast_Megalopolis Population Reference Bureau. 2016 World population data sheet. [On-line]. www.prb. org/pdf16/prb-wpds2016-web-2016.pdf Pulsipher, L. 2000. World regional geography. New York. W. H. Freeman and Company ___. Romania: Settlement patterns. Encyclopaedia Britannica. [On-line]. https://www. britanica.com/place/Romania/Settlement.patterns Rowntree, L., Lewis, M., Price, M., and Wyckoff, W. 2006. Diversity amid globalization: World regions, environment, development. Third Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall Rubenstein, J. 2013. Contemporary Human Geography. 2e. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Rubenstein, J. 2016. Contemporary Human Geography. 3e. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson ___. Rundling. [On-line]. https://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundling___. https://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/smart-growth ___. https://www.google.com/serach!q+Spanish and Portuguese Empires Todaro, M. 2000. Economic development. Seven Edition. New York: Addison-Wesley United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World urbanization prospects: The 2011 revision. File 11a: The 30 Largest urban agglomeration ranked by population size at each point in time, 1950-2025. [Online]. http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/CD-ROM_2011/WU United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World urbanization prospects: The 2014 revision. File 11a: The 30 Largest urban agglomeration ranked by population size at each point in time, 1950-2030. [Online]. https://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Publicat...014-Report.pdf United Nations. The world’s cities in 2016. [On-line]. http://www.un.org.en/development/ desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/world-cities-in-2016_data_ booklet.pdf/ ___. Degree of urbanization (percentage of urban population in total population) by continent in 2016. [On-line]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/270860/ urbanization-by-continent ___. http://www.google.com/search?q=urban...ion+world_maps World Bank. World Development Indicators: Urbanization. [On-line]. http://data.worldbank. org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS

12.7 ENDNOTES 1. Population Reference Bureau. 2017 World Population Data Sheet. https://assets.prb. org/pdf17/2017_World_Population.pdf 2. Adapted from http://www.3dgeography.co.uk/settlement-patterns 3. Population Reference Bureau. www.prb.org. Accesses May 12, 2018. 4. Adapted from United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision. File 11a: The 30 Largest Urban Agglomeration Ranked by Population Size at each point in time, 1950-2030. http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/CD-ROM_2014/WU 5. Adapted from https://urbandesigntheory.wordpress....ional-systems/ 6. www.prb.org/pdf16/prb-wpds2016-web-2016.pdf . Accessed June 10, 2017. 7. https://www.cia.gov/library/publicat...orld-factbook/. Accessed 10 June 2017. 8. Population Reference Bureau. www.prb.org. Accesses May 25, 2017. 9. Population Reference Bureau. www.prb.org. Accesses May 25, 2017. 10. https://www.statista.com/statistics/...n-by-continent. Accessed 25 May 2017.

The following text is remixed from:

OER (2 of 2): Introduction to human Geography A Disciplinary Approach 3rd Edition by Graves. Published California State University Northridge Department of Geography https://sites.google.com/site/gravesgeography/introduction-to-human-geography

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Attributions:

This text was remixed from the following OER Texts under Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share and Share a like 4.0 international license unless otherwise specified.

OER (1 of 2): Introduction to Human Geography edited by Dorrell & Henderson, Published by University of North Georgia University Press. https://web.ung.edu/media/university-press/human-geography_v2.pdf?t=1700179494361
OER (2of 2): Introduction to human Geography A Disciplinary Approach 3rd Edition by Graves. Published California State University Northridge Department of Geography https://sites.google.com/site/gravesgeography/introduction-to-human-geography

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