11.17: End of Chapter Synthesis
- Page ID
- 212581
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)
\( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
\( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\)
\( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\)
\( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)
\( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorA}[1]{\vec{#1}} % arrow\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorAt}[1]{\vec{\text{#1}}} % arrow\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorB}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorC}[1]{\textbf{#1}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorD}[1]{\overrightarrow{#1}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorDt}[1]{\overrightarrow{\text{#1}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectE}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{\mathbf {#1}}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)
\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Section Summary
Industrial production changed the relationship of people to their environments. Folk (pre-industrial) cultures used local resources and knowledge to hand-produce goods. Now the production of goods and the provisioning of services can be split into innumerable spatially discrete pieces. Competition drives the costs of goods and services downward providing relentless pressure to cut costs. This process has pushed industrialization into most corners of the world as companies have looked further and further afield to find cheaper labor and materials and to find more customers. Industrialization has fueled a change in lifestyle, as goods have become cheaper, they have become more accessible to more people. Our lives have changed. We now live according to a schedule dictated by international production.
Key Terms
Back office services – interoffice services involving personnel who do not interact directly with clients.
Break-of-bulk point – point of transfer from one form of transport to another.
Bulk reducing – industrial activity that produces a product that weighs less than the inputs.
Commodification – The process of transforming a cultural activity into a saleable product.
Containerization – transport system using standardized shipping containers.
Deindustrialization – process of shifting from a manufacturing based economy to one based on other economic activities.
Economies of scale – efficiencies in production gained from operating at a larger scale.
Footloose capitalism – spatial flexibility of production.
Fordism – rational form of mass production for standardizing and simplifying production.
Gig economy – a labor market characterized by freelance work.
Globalization – the state in which economic and cultural systems have become global in scale.
Intermodal – transportation system using more than one of transport.
Just in time delivery – manufacturing system in which components are delivered just before they are need in order to reduce inventory and storage costs.
Locational criteria – factors determining whether an economic activity will occur in a place.
Logistics – the coordination of complex operations.
Outsourcing – shifting the production of a good or the provision of a service from within a company to an externals source.
Offshoring – shifting the production of a good or the provision of a service to another country.
Supply chain – all products and process involved in the production of goods.
Taylorism – the scientific management of production.
WORKS CONSULTED AND FURTHER READING
Berkhout, Esmé.. 2016. “Tax Battles: The Dangerous Global Race to the Bottom on Corporate Tax,” 46.
Dicken, Peter. 2014. Global Shift: Mapping the Changing Contours of the World Economy. SAGE.
Dorrell, David. 2018. “Using International Content in an Introductory Human Geography Course.” In Curriculum Internationalization and the Future of Education.
Goodwin, Michael, David Bach, and Joel Bakan. 2012. Economix: How and Why Our Economy Works (and Doesn’t Work) in Words and Pictures. New York: Harry N. Abrams.
Grabill, John C. H. 1889. “‘Mills and Mines.’ Part of the Great Homestake Works, Lead City, Dak.” Still image. 1889. //www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/ppmsc.02674.
Gregory, Derek, ed. 2009. The Dictionary of Human Geography. 5th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Griswold, Daniel. n.d. “Globalization Isn’t Killing Factory Jobs. Trade Is Actually Why Manufacturing Is up 40%.” Latimes.Com. Accessed April 21, 2018. http://www. latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-griswold-globalization-and-trade-helpmanufacturing-20160801-snap-story.html.
Howe, Jeff. 2006. “The Rise of Crowdsourcing.” WIRED. 2006. https://www.wired. com/2006/06/crowds/.
Massey, Doreen B. 1995. Spatial Divisions of Labor: Social Structures and the Geography of Production. Psychology Press.
Rendall, Matthew. 2016. “Industrial Robots Will Replace Manufacturing Jobs — and That’s a Good Thing.” TechCrunch (blog). October 9, 2016. http://social.techcrunch. com/2016/10/09/industrial-robots-will-replace-manufacturing-jobs-and-thatsa-good-thing/.
Rodrik, Dani. 2015. “Premature Deindustrialization.” Working Paper 20935. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w20935.
Sherman, Len. 2017. “Why Can’t Uber Make Money?” December 14, 2017. https:// www.forbes.com/sites/lensherman/2017/12/14/why-cant-uber-makemoney/#2fb5abc10ec1.
Sumner, Andrew. 2005. “Is Foreign Direct Investment Good for the Poor? A Review and Stocktake.” Development in Practice 15 (3–4): 269–85. https://doi. org/10.1080/09614520500076183.
Zhou, May, and Zhang Yuan. 2017. “Textile Companies Go High Tech in Arkansas - USA - Chinadaily.Com.Cn.” July 25, 2017. http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/ world/2017-07/25/content_30244657.htm?utm_campaign=T-shirt%20 line&utm_source=hs_email&utm_medium=email&utm_content=54911122&_ hsenc=p2ANqtz-9WyxMiFliVTrpO35Quk5KN0XpHHHj2bYn9-7WKp3Tt_ iF8LUsO9Q6m6OEH892iW9QcXJ4kvAk8C1Ooiy5TffzH6URrPVnKTrvZ3 TEFQ_zyt6rIjp0&_hsmi=54911122.
ENDNOTES
- Data source: World Bank. https://tcdata360.worldbank.org
Attributions:
This text was remixed from the following OER Texts under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Share and Share a like 4.0 international license unless otherwise specified.
- OER (1 of 2): Introduction to Human Geography edited by Dorrell & Henderson, Published by University of North Georgia University Press. https://web.ung.edu/media/university-press/human-geography_v2.pdf?t=1700179494361
2. OER (2of 2): Introduction to human Geography A Disciplinary Approach 3rd Edition by Graves. Published California State University Northridge Department of Geography https://sites.google.com/site/gravesgeography/introduction-to-human-geography
Remix with above, but avoid duplication