3: Perceiving and Understanding
- Page ID
- 55186
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- 3.1: Communication and Perception
- The page discusses the perception process, which involves selecting, organizing, and interpreting information. This process influences communication since we respond to stimuli based on our perceptions. We select information that is salient, organize it using cognitive structures called schemata, and interpret it based on past experiences.
- 3.2: Perceiving Others
- The page discusses how people make judgments about others, often based on minimal exposure, and how these judgments can be surprisingly accurate and predictive, such as in political elections. It delves into the psychological processes involved in perception and attribution, explaining how we tend to attribute behaviors to internal or external factors, often leading to perceptual errors like the fundamental attribution error and self-serving bias.
- 3.3: Physical and Environmental Influences on Perception
- The text discusses how first impressions are influenced by factors such as physical appearance and environmental characteristics, highlighting how stereotypes and schemas are formed. It explains the impact of physical attractiveness on perceptions and the consequences of relying on stereotypes, using the example of the Milgram experiments to illustrate authority influence.
- 3.4: Perceiving and Presenting Self
- This page explores the intricate relationship between self-perception, self-concept, self-esteem, and self-presentation. It explains self-concept as the overarching view individuals hold of themselves, influenced by context and reinforced by the feedback and reactions of others. Self-esteem is the evaluation of self-concept, while self-efficacy refers to confidence in performing tasks.
- 3.5: Influences on Self-Perception
- The page discusses the impact of social and family influences, culture, and media on self-concept and self-esteem. It emphasizes that while individual interactions are significant, larger systemic forces like family dynamics and societal norms play crucial roles in shaping self-perception. The text highlights the ongoing debate on the effects of praise on motivation, noting cultural variations in praise patterns.
- 3.6: Summary of Perceiving and the Self
- The text explains that our self-concept is our overall idea of who we are, formed through interactions and social comparisons. Self-esteem derives from our evaluations of our self-concept and skills, known as self-efficacy, as well as comparisons between our actual, ideal, and ought selves, as per self-discrepancy theory. Social comparison and self-discrepancy theories impact self-concept and self-esteem, influencing communication and behavior through judgments of self-worth.
- 3.7: Improving Perception
- The page discusses improving perception, focusing on self-perception and perception of others. To enhance self-perception, it recommends being mindful of schema, critical of socializing forces, cautious of self-fulfilling prophecies, maintaining supportive relationships, and identifying distorted thinking patterns. To better perceive others, it suggests developing empathetic listening skills, being aware of stereotypes and prejudice, and engaging in perception checking.