4.16: Key Terms
- Page ID
- 307740
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\dsum}{\displaystyle\sum\limits} \)
\( \newcommand{\dint}{\displaystyle\int\limits} \)
\( \newcommand{\dlim}{\displaystyle\lim\limits} \)
\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)
\( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
\( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\)
\( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\)
\( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)
\( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorA}[1]{\vec{#1}} % arrow\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorAt}[1]{\vec{\text{#1}}} % arrow\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorB}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorC}[1]{\textbf{#1}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorD}[1]{\overrightarrow{#1}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorDt}[1]{\overrightarrow{\text{#1}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectE}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{\mathbf {#1}}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\(\newcommand{\longvect}{\overrightarrow}\)
\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)
\(\newcommand{\ket}[1]{\left| #1 \right>}\)
\(\newcommand{\bra}[1]{\left< #1 \right|}\)
\(\newcommand{\braket}[2]{\left< #1 \vphantom{#2} \right| \left. #2 \vphantom{#1} \right>}\)
\(\newcommand{\braopket}[3]{\left< #1 \vphantom{#2}\vphantom{#3} \right| #2 \vphantom{#1}\vphantom{#3} \left| #3 \vphantom{#1}\vphantom{#2} \right>}\)
\(\newcommand{\qmvec}[1]{\mathbf{\vec{#1}}}\)
\(\newcommand{\op}[1]{\hat{\mathbf{#1}}}\)
\(\newcommand{\expect}[1]{\langle #1 \rangle}\)
\(\newcommand{\dfn}[1]{\emph{\textbf{#1}}}\)
Useful Concepts
- Positive Peace: Presence of justice, equality, and cooperation beyond mere absence of war.
- Restorative Justice: Repairing harm through dialogue and restitution rather than punishment.
- Intersectionality: Interconnected nature of social categorizations producing overlapping discrimination.
- Digital Authoritarianism: Use of technology for surveillance and control by governments.
- Economic Democracy: Extension of participatory decision-making to workplaces and markets.
- Subaltern Cosmopolitanism: Global solidarity emerging from marginalized communities.
- Environmental Peacebuilding: Using ecological cooperation to reduce conflict.
- Deliberative Democracy: Public reasoning through inclusive dialogue to reach collective decisions.
- Democracy (Expanded Definition): A system of governance in which power is exercised by the people, not only through elections but through ongoing participation, deliberation, and accountability across political, social, and economic domains.
- Polyarchy: Dahl’s concept describing real-world democracies as imperfect systems combining contestation and inclusion rather than idealized full democracy.
- Deliberative Democracy: A model emphasizing reasoned dialogue, mutual justification, and inclusive discussion as the foundation of legitimate decision-making (Habermas).
- Participatory Democracy: An approach prioritizing direct citizen involvement in governance processes, enhancing civic capacity and democratic legitimacy.
- Democratic Backsliding: The gradual erosion of democratic institutions, norms, and practices, often through legal and incremental means rather than abrupt regime change.
- Executive Aggrandizement: A form of backsliding in which elected leaders expand their power by weakening checks and balances (Bermeo).
- Populism: A political logic framing society as divided between a “pure people” and a “corrupt elite,” often used to justify anti-pluralist governance.
- Positive Peace: The presence of social justice, equality, and institutional stability, beyond merely the absence of violence (Galtung).
- Restorative Justice: An approach to justice focused on repairing harm through dialogue, accountability, and reconciliation rather than punishment.
- Intersectionality: A framework analyzing how overlapping identities (race, gender, class, etc.) produce complex and interconnected forms of inequality (Crenshaw).
- Digital Authoritarianism: The use of digital technologies by states to monitor, control, and suppress populations.
- Surveillance Capitalism: An economic system based on the extraction and monetization of personal data to predict and influence behavior (Zuboff).
- Algorithmic Bias: Systematic and unfair discrimination embedded in automated decision-making systems due to biased data or design.
- Transnational Publics: Spaces of political discourse and participation that extend beyond national boundaries (Fraser).
- Subaltern Cosmopolitanism: Global solidarity emerging from marginalized communities, challenging dominant power structures (de Sousa Santos).
- Civic Capacity: The knowledge, skills, and networks that enable individuals and communities to participate effectively in democratic processes.