4.4: References

Adorno, T.W., Frenkel-Brunswick, E., Levinson, D.J., & Sanford, R.N. (1950). The Authoritarian Personality. New York, NY: Harper.

Appier, J. (1998). Policing women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.

Aronson, J., & Steele, C.M. (2005). Stereotypes and the fragility of academic competence, motivation, and self-concept. In C. Dweck & A. Elliott (Eds.), The Handbook of Competence and Motivation (pp. 436–456). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.

Asch, S. (1951). Effects of group pressure upon the modification and distortion of judgments. In H. Guetzkow (Ed.), Groups, leadership, and men (pp. 177–190). Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie Press.

Asch, S. (1955). Opinions and social pressure. Scientific American, 193, 31–35.

Barkan, S.E. (2013). Social Problems: Continuity and Change. University of South Florida (Open Textbook Program).

Berinsky, A.J. (1999). The two faces of public opinion. American Journal of Political Science, 43(4), 1209–1230.

Blumer, H. (1969). Symbolic interactionism. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Bobo, L.D. (1988). Attitudes toward the Black political movement: Trends, meaning and effects on racial policy preferences. Social Psychology Quarterly, 51(4), 287–302.

Bobo, L., Kluegel, J.R., & Smith, R.A. (1997). Laissez-faire racism: The crystallization of a kinder, gentler antiblack ideology. In S.A. Tuch & J.K. Martin (Eds.), Racial Attitudes in the 1990s: Continuity and change (pp. 15–44). Westport, CT: Praeger.

Bonilla-Silva, E. (2013). Racism without racists: Color-blind racism and racial inequality in contemporary America. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of taste. London, United Kingdom: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Boyd, R., & Richerson, P.J. (1985). Culture and the evolutionary process. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Brandon, P., & McMullen, C. (2020). Racism and racial discrimination. In W. K. Toure (Ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Research Methods in the Study of Religion. Routledge.

Brown v. Board of Education. (1954). 347 U.S. 483.

Brown, R. (1965). Social Psychology. New York, NY: Free Press.

Bugental, D.B., & Grusec, J.E. (2006). Socialization Processes. In N. Eisenberg, W. Damon, & R.M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (6th ed., pp. 366–428). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

Carlsson, M., & Rooth, D.O. (2007). Evidence of ethnic discrimination in the Swedish labor market using experimental data. Labour Economics, 14(4), 716–729.

Carroll, N. (2020). Police unions are blocking reform. In Vox.

Castillo, J. (2018). Racism. Social Problems: Continuity and Change. University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing.

Chafetz, J.S. (1999). The gender division of labor and the reproduction of female disadvantage: Toward an integrated theory. Journal of Family Issues, 20(6), 767–790.

Chappell, K. (2021). Human trafficking. In Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Clark, K.B., & Clark, M.P. (1947). Racial identification and preference in Negro children. In T.M. Newcomb & E.L. Hartley (Eds.), Readings in social psychology. New York, NY: Henry Holt.

Connell, R.W. (1995). Masculinities. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Crossman, A. (2019, November 13). What is cultural capital? ThoughtCo.

Darley, J.M., & Latané, B. (1968). Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8(4), 377–383.

Davis, A.Y. (1981). Women, race and class. New York, NY: Random House.

Dovidio, J.F., Gaertner, S.L., & Kawakami, K. (2003). Intergroup contact: The past, present, and the future. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 6(1), 5–21.

Du Bois, W.E.B. (1903). The souls of Black folk. Chicago, IL: A.C. McClurg & Co.

Duckitt, J. (2001). A dual-process cognitive-motivational theory of ideology and prejudice. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 41–113.

Durkheim, É. (1893). The division of labor in society. New York, NY: Free Press.

Edwards, K. (1998). The face of discrimination. In A. E. Walker & M. M. L. Hogg (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.

Ellis, C., & Bochner, A.P. (2000). Autoethnography, personal narrative, reflexivity. In N.K. Denzin & Y.S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research (2nd ed., pp. 733–768). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Emerson, M.O., & Smith, C. (2000). Divided by faith: Evangelical religion and the problem of race in America. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Feagin, J.R. (2000). Racist America: Roots, current realities, and future reparations. New York, NY: Routledge.

Feagin, J.R. (2006). Systemic racism: A theory of oppression. New York, NY: Routledge.

Fiske, S.T. (1998). Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. In D.T. Gilbert, S.T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The Handbook of Social Psychology (4th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 357–411). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.

Fiske, S.T., & Taylor, S.E. (1991). Social cognition (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. New York, NY: Pantheon.

Fredrickson, G.M. (2002). Racism: A short history. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Friedan, B. (1963). The feminine mystique. New York, NY: W.W. Norton.

Gershenson, S., Holt, S.B., & Papageorge, N.W. (2016). Who believes in me? the effect of student-teacher demographic match on teacher expectations. Economics of Education Review, 52, 209–224.

Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.

Gonzalez, T. (2019, April 1). Mastering socialization: The role of cultural capital in Black mothers’ and daughters’ school engagement. Learning Policy Institute.

Gordon, M. (1964). Assimilation in American life: The role of race, religion, and national origins. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from the prison notebooks. New York, NY: International Publishers.

Greenwald, A.G., McGhee, D.E., & Schwartz, J.L.K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1464–1480.

Hacker, A. (2003). Two Nations: Black & White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal. New York, NY: Scribner.

Hedley, C. (2019). The effects of racism on physical and mental health. In Medical News Today.

Hewstone, M., Rubin, M., & Willis, H. (2002). Intergroup bias. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 575–604.

Hill, M.S., & Duncan, G.J. (1987). Parental family income and the socioeconomic attainment of children. Social Science Research, 16(1), 39–73.

Horkheimer, M., & Adorno, T.W. (1947). Dialectic of enlightenment. New York, NY: Herder and Herder.

Institute for Religious Studies. (2020). Antisemitism in the United States.

Jones, J.M. (1997). Prejudice and Racism. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Katz, I., & Hass, R.G. (1988). Racial ambivalence and American value conflict: Correlational and priming studies of dual cognitive structures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(6), 893–905.

Killian, L.M., & Turner, R.H. (1957). Collective behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Kimmel, M. (2000). The gendered society. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

King, D. (1988). Multiple jeopardy, multiple consciousness: The context of a Black confirmatory study. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 14(1), 42–72.

Klineberg, O. (1951). Characteristics of the American Negro. New York, NY: Harper & Brothers.

Kohli, R. (2009). Critical race reflections: Valuing the experiences of teachers of color in teacher education. Race Ethnicity and Education, 12(2), 235–251.

Kornblum, W. (1997). Sociology in a changing world. New York, NY: Harcourt Brace.

Krieger, N. (1999). Embodying inequality: A review of concepts, measures, and methods for studying health consequences of discrimination. International Journal of Health Services, 29(2), 295–352.

Krieger, N. (2005). Stormy weather: Race, gene expression, and the science of health disparities. American Journal of Public Health, 95(12), 2155–2160.

Lareau, A. (2011). Unequal childhoods: Class, race, and family life. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Latané, B., & Darley, J.M. (1970). The unresponsive bystander: Why doesn’t he help? New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Loury, G.C. (2004). Anatomy of Racial Inequality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Marx, K. (1867). Capital: A critique of political economy. Hamburg, Germany: Otto Meissner Verlag.

McAdam, D. (1982). Political process and the development of Black insurgency, 1930–1970. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

McIntosh, P. (1989). White privilege: Unpacking the invisible knapsack. Peace and Freedom Magazine, July/August.

Mead, G.H. (1934). Mind, self, and society. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Merton, R.K. (1948). The self-fulfilling prophecy. The Antioch Review, 8(2), 193–210.

Merton, R.K. (1968). The Matthew effect in science. Science, 159(3810), 56–63.

Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral study of obedience. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67(4), 371–378.

Miller, C.T., & Major, B. (2000). Coping with stigma and prejudice. In T.F. Heatherton, R.E. Kleck, M.R. Hebl, & J.G. Hull (Eds.), The Social Psychology of Stigma (pp. 243–272). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Mills, C.W. (1959). The sociological imagination. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2019). Communities in action: Pathways to health equity. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

National Research Council. (2014). Measuring racial discrimination. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

Neal, D.A., & Johnson, W.R. (1996). The role of premarket factors in Black-White wage differences. Journal of Political Economy, 104(5), 869–895.

Omi, M., & Winant, H. (2014). Racial formation in the United States (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.

Pager, D. (2003). The mark of a criminal record. American Journal of Sociology, 108(5), 937–975.

Pager, D., Western, B., & Bonikowski, B. (2009). Discrimination in a low-wage labor market: A field experiment. American Sociological Review, 74(5), 777–799.

Parsons, T. (1951). The social system. New York, NY: Free Press.

Pettigrew, T.F. (1954). The racial integration of the schools. Journal of Social Issues, 10(2), 5–14.

Pettigrew, T.F., & Tropp, L.R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751–783.

Pfeffer, J. (1992). Managing with power: Politics and influence in organizations. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

Quillian, L. (2006). New approaches to understanding racial prejudice and discrimination. Annual Review of Sociology, 32, 299–328.

Reskin, B.F. (2003). Including mechanisms in our models of ascriptive inequality. American Sociological Review, 68(1), 1–21.

Ridgeway, C.L. (1997). Interaction and the conservation of gender inequality: Considering employment. American Sociological Review, 62(2), 218–235.

Roscigno, V.J. (2007). The face of discrimination: How race and gender impact work and home lives. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Ruddock, A. (2019). The health effects of racism. In Healthline.

Schaefer, R.T. (2019). Racial and ethnic groups (15th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.

Schuman, H., Steeh, C., Bobo, L., & Krysan, M. (1997). Racial attitudes in America: Trends and interpretations. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1999). Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Sibley, C.G., & Duckitt, J. (2008). Personality and prejudice: A meta-analysis and theoretical review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12(3), 248–279.

Smith, T.W. (2008). A review of racial attitudes. In S. N. Danziger & R. Haveman (Eds.), Understanding poverty (pp. 258–285). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Sue, D.W. (2010). Microaggressions in everyday life: Race, gender, and sexual orientation. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

Tajfel, H., & Turner, J.C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W.G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations (pp. 33–47). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.

Tarrow, S. (2011). Power in movement: Social movements and contentious politics (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Thomas, W.I., & Thomas, D.S. (1928). The child in America: Behavior problems and programs. New York, NY: Knopf.

Thompson, D. (2019). The case for reparations. The Atlantic.

Tilly, C. (1978). From mobilization to revolution. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Turner, R.H., & Killian, L.M. (1987). Collective behavior (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

U.S. Census Bureau. (2020). Income and poverty in the United States: 2019.

Weber, M. (1922). Economy and society. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Wilson, G., & George, A. (2004). Exclusion, gender and education. In G. Wilson (Ed.), Education and social inclusion (pp. 3–26). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

Wright, S.C., Aron, A., McLaughlin-Volpe, T., & Ropp, S.A. (1997). The extended contact effect: Knowledge of cross-group friendships and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(1), 73–90.

Yamato, G. (2004). Something about the subject makes it hard to name. In Margaret L. Anderson and Patricia Hill Collins (Eds.) Race, Class, and Gender. 5th Ed. New York, NY: Thomson/Wadsworth Pub. Pp. 99-103.

Zerubavel, E. (1999). Social Mindscapes: An Invitation to Cognitive Sociology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.