Skip to main content
Social Sci LibreTexts

3.4: Questions for Consideration and Works Cited

  1. Last updated
  2. Save as PDF
  • Page ID
    199297

    • \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)

    \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)

    \( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)

    ( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)

    \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)

    \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)

    \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\)

    \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)

    \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)

    \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)

    \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorA}[1]{\vec{#1}}      % arrow\)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorAt}[1]{\vec{\text{#1}}}      % arrow\)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorB}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorC}[1]{\textbf{#1}} \)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorD}[1]{\overrightarrow{#1}} \)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorDt}[1]{\overrightarrow{\text{#1}}} \)

    \( \newcommand{\vectE}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{\mathbf {#1}}}} \)

    \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)

    \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)

    \(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)

    Questions for consideration:

    1. Given today's high levels of media saturation and fast pace, what implications might there be for how people are persuaded?
    2. True or false: "A good story is more persuasive than a good argument."  Justify your position.
    3. Now that many popular news channels display clear bias in presenting the news, e.g., Fox News being unabashedly conservative and MSNBC being unabashedly liberal, what persuasive theory or theories might explain why news channels have shifted from more neutral reporting?
    4. In your opinion, which theory best explains how or why people change their beliefs, attitudes, or behavior?

    Works Cited

    Arney, Chris. "Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth and Happiness."  Review of Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness, by Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein. Mathematics and Computer Education,  vol. 49, no. 1, 2015, pp. 69-70. ProQuest, www.proquest.com/openview/dcb5ce3d2cef347b666fb8d8ab41944d/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=35418.

    Aronson, Elliot and Vernon Cope. "My Enemy's Enemy Is My Friend." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1968, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 8-12, doi.org/10.1037/h0021234.

    Barone, Karen K. "The Reawakening of the Sleeper Effect: How Negative Political Advertising Gets Results." The Proceedings of the Laurel Highlands Communications Conference, annual 2011, pp. 20+. Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A323349766/AONE?u=anon~af2073b1&sid=googleScholar&xid=33fe5c78. Accessed 25 Jan. 2024.

    "Belief, N. (1)."  Merriam-Webster, 2023, www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/belief. Accessed 14 Sept. 2023.

    Brehm, Jack W. “Psychological Reactance: Theory and Applications.” Advances in Consumer Research, vol. 16, 1989, pp. 72-75.

    Chaiken, Shelly and Alison Ledgerwood. "A Theory of Heuristic and Systematic Information Processing." In van Lange., et al. Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology, SAGE, 2012, pp. 246-266.

    Chen, Serena and Shelly Chaiken. “The Heuristic-Systematic Model In Its Broader Context.” Dual-Process Theories in Social Psychology, edited by Shelly Chaiken and Yaacov Trope. Guilford Press, 1999, pp. 73-96.

    Compton, Josh et. al. "Persuading Others to Avoid Persuasion: Inoculation Theory and Resistant Health Attitudes.” Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 7, 9 Feb. 2016, Frontiers, doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00122.

    de Vries, Jan et al. "Teaching Cognitive Dissonance Theory: Practical Advice for the Classroom." Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Psychology, 9 Feb. 2023, EBSCOhost, dx.doi.org/10.1037/stl0000346.

    El Hedhli, Kamel and Haithem Zourrigb. "Dual Routes Or a One-Way to Persuasion: The Elaboration Likelihood Model Versus The Unimodel." Journal of Marketing Communications, vol. 29, no. 5, 2023, pp. 433-454. doi.org/10.1080/13527266.2022.2034033.

    Engebretsen, Eivind and Mona Baker. “Narrative Rationality and the Logic of Good Reasons.” Rethinking Evidence in the Time of Pandemics: Scientific vs Narrative Rationality and Medical Knowledge Practices, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2022, pp. 8–27. www.cambridge.org/core/books/rethinking-evidence-in-the-time-of-pandemics/narrative-rationality-and-the-logic-of-good-reasons/EF0FA6DB3EA1A8831BBF28A2162D1456.

    Fishbein, Martin and Icek Azjen. Predicting and Changing Behavior: The Reasoned Action Approach. Psychology Press, 2010. 

    Fisher, Walter R. "Narration As a Human Communication Paradigm: The Case of Public Moral Argument." Communication Monographs, vol. 51, March 1984, pp. 1-22, doi.org/10.1080/03637758409390180.

    ---. "Toward a Logic of Good Reasons. The Quarterly Journal of Speech, vol. 64, no. 4, 1978, pp. 376-384. DOI: 10.1080/00335637809383443.

    Guy-Evans, Oliva. "Heider’s Balance Theory in Psychology: Definition & Examples." Simply Psychology. 13 Sept. 2023. www.simplypsychology.org/balance-theory.html.

    Heider, Fritz. "Attitudes and Cognitive Organization." in Samuel Leinhardt, Social Networks: A Developing Paradigm, 1977, Academic Press pp. 3-8.

    _____. The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations, Wiley, 1958.

    Hovland, Carl I., et al. Communication and Persuasion: Psychological Studies of Opinion Change. Yale UP, 1953.

    "In Memoriam: Walter R. Fisher, 87." USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism." 31 July 2018. annenberg.usc.edu/news/faculty/memoriam-walter-r-fisher-87. Accessed 20 Sept. 2023.

    Jonas, Eva. et al. "Culture, Self, and the Emergence of Reactance: Is There a "Universal" Freedom." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 1068-1080, doi: doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.06.005.

    Kosters, Mark and Jeroen Van der Heijden. "From Mechanism to Virtue: Evaluating Nudge Theory." Evaluation, vol. 21, no. 3, 2015, pp. 276-291. Sage Journals, doi.org/10.1177/1356389015590218.

    Kruglanski, Arie W and Eric P. Thompson. "Persuasion by a Single Route: A View From the Unimodel." Psychological Inquiry, vol. 10, no. 2, 1999, pp 83–109. doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PL100201.

    Lumsdaine, Arthur A. “Mass Communication Experiments in Wartime and Thereafter.” Social Psychology Quarterly, vol. 47, no. 2, 1984, pp. 198–206. JSTOR, doi.org/10.2307/3033950.

    Mallard, Jessica. "Engaging Students in Social Judgment Theory." Communication Teacher, vol. 24, no. 4, 11 Oct. 2010. DOI:10.1080/17404622.2010.512869.

    McGuire, William J. “The Effectiveness of Supportive and Refutational Defenses in Immunizing and Restoring Beliefs Against Persuasion.” Sociometry, vol. 24, no. 2, 1961, pp. 184–97. JSTOR, doi.org/10.2307/2786067.

    Montaño, Daniel E. and Danuta Kasprzyk. "Theory of Reasoned Action, Theory of Planned Behavior, and the Integrated Behavioral Model." Health Behavior: Theory, Research and Practice. 5th ed. Edited by Glanz, et al.  John Wiley & Sons, 2015, pp. 95-124.

    Petty, Richard E. and John T. Cacioppo. “The Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion.” Advances in Consumer Research,  vol. 11, no. 1, 1984, vol. pp. 673-675. DOI:10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60214-2.

    ___. "Source Factors and the Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion." Advances in Consumer Research,  vol. 11, no. 1, 1984, vol. pp. 668-772. ResearchGate, www.researchgate.net/publication/270271490_Source_Factors_and_the_Elaboration_Likelihood_Model_of_Persuasion.

    Pfau M., et. al. "Enriching the Inoculation Construct: The Role of Critical Components in the Process of Resistance. Human Communication Research, vol 24, no. 2, December 1997, pp. 187–215. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.1997.tb00413.x.

    Quick, Brian L. and Michael T. Stephenson. "Further Evidence That Psychological Reactance Can Be Modeled as a Combination of Anger and Negative Cognitions." Communication Research, vol. 34, no. 3, 2007, pp. 255-276. DOI:10.1177/0093650207300427.

    Rand, Melvin Aaron. An Empirical Comparison Of Sherif's Social Judgment Approach and Festinger's Dissonance Theory At Their Points of Contrast: Ego Involvement and Discrepancy of Communication." 1967. University of Oklahoma, PhD dissertation. shareok.org/bitstream/handle/11244/2189/6711479.PDF?sequence=1.

    Sherif, Muzafer and Hovland, Carl I. Social Judgment: Assimilation and Contrast Effects in Communication and Attitude Change. Yale University Press, 1961.

    Steindl, et. al. "Understanding Psychological Reactance: New Developments and Findings." Zeitschrift für Psychologie, vol. 223, no. 4, 2015, pp. 205-214. doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000222.

    Thaler, Richard H., and Cass R. Sunstein. “Libertarian Paternalism.” The American Economic Review, vol. 93, no. 2, 2003, pp. 175–79, doi.org/10.1257/000282803321947001.

    ---.  Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness. Yale UP, 2008.

    "Theory, N. (1)." Merriam-Webster, 2023, www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/theory.  Accessed 14 Sept. 2023.

    Trumbo, Craig W. “Heuristic-Systematic Information Processing and Risk Judgment.” Risk Analysis, vol. 19, no. 3, 1999, pp. 391–400, doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1999.tb00415.x.

    White, Kenton. "Strategy: Theory for Practice and the Use of History." Comparative Strategy, vol. 40, no. 2, 23 Apr. 2021, pp. 133-137.  DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2021.1880812.

    Zimmer, Carl. "In Science, It's Never 'Just a Theory'." The New York Times, 8 Apr. 2016.  www.nytimes.com/2016/04/09/science/in-science-its-never-just-a-theory.html.

    Authors & Attribution

    Section on attitudes, values and beliefs adapted from Stand up, Speak out Copyright © 2017 by Josh Miller; Marnie Lawler-Mcdonough; Megan Orcholski; Kristin Woodward; Lisa Roth; and Emily Mueller is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

     

    This page titled 3.4: Questions for Consideration and Works Cited is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Paula Cardwel, Angela Prelip, and Jennifer Graber-Peters (ASCCC Open Educational Resources Initiative (OERI)) .