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References for Crime, Immigration, and Social Control

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    Abramitzky, Ran, Leah Platt Boustan, Elisa Jácome, Santiago Pérez, and Juan David Torres. 2024. "Law-Abiding Immigrants: The Incarceration Gap Between Immigrants and the US-born, 1870–2020." National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Working Paper:31440. https://www.nber.org/system/files/wo...440/w31440.pdf

    Akers, Ronald L., and Christine S. Sellers. 2009. Criminological Theories: Introduction, Evaluation, and Application. 5th ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Alliance for Safety and Justice. 2024. Crime Survivors Speak. https://asj.allianceforsafetyandjustice.org/crime-survivors-speak-2024/

    American Immigration Council. 2024. "Debunking the Myth of Immigrants and Crime." https://www.americanimmigrationcounc..._and_crime.pdf.

    Anderson, Elijah. 2011. The Cosmopolitan Canopy: Race and Civility in Everyday Life. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.

    Archibold, Randal C. 2010. “Arizona Enacts Stringent Law on Immigration.” New York Times, April 24, p. A1.

    Barkan, Steven E. 2006. “Religiosity and Premarital Sex During Adulthood.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 45:407–417.

    Barkan, Steven E. 2012. Criminology: A Sociological Understanding. 5th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

    Barlow, Hugh D., and Scott H. Decker, eds. 2010. Criminology and Public Policy: Putting Theory to Work. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.

    Beck, Allen J. 2021. "Race and Ethnicity of Violent Crime Offenders and Arrestees, 2018: Statistical Brief." Bureau of Justice Statistics. https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/revcoa18.pdf.

    Bellafante, Ginia. 2005. “Recipe for a Second Chance.” New York Times, March 9, p. F1.

    Berman, Jillian. 2011. “Georgia Immigration Law Could Have Dire Consequences for State’s Economy: Study.” The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/2010/2005/georgia-immigration-law-economy_n_995889.html.

    Bersani, Bianca E. 2014. "A Game of Catch-up? The Offending Experience of Second-generation Immigrants." Crime & Delinquency 60(1):60-84. 

    Bersani, Bianca E. and Gabrielle Wy. 2026. "Assimilating into Crime? Explaining the Generational Disparity in Immigrant Offending." Justice Quarterly 42(2):465-499. 

    Bohm, Robert M., and Brenda Vogel. 2011. A Primer on Crime and Delinquency Theory. 3rd ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

    Bonger, Willem. 1916. Criminality and Economic Conditions. Translated by H. P. Horton. Boston, MA: Little, Brown.

    Bouie, Jamelle. 2026. "The Cruelty Is the Point for ICE." The New York Timeshttps://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/24/o...nt-rights.html

    Brenan, Megan. 2024. “Smaller Majorities in U.S. Say Crime Is Serious, Increasing.” Gallup News. https://news.gallup.com/poll/652763/smaller-majorities-say-crime-serious-increasing.aspx.

    Brown, Robbie. 2011. “Georgia Gives Police Added Power to Seek Out Illegal Immigrants.” New York Times, May 14, p. A12.

    Bustillo, Ximena, and Alexandra Hurt. 2025. “The Timeline and Cost of Deportation.” NPR. https://www.npr.org/2025/04/07/nx-s1-5308051/deportation-timeline-cost.

    Cherson, Jeremy and David Gaspar. 2025. "One Concrete Way to Make the Justice System Fairer." The New York Timeshttps://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/01/o...orm-trump.html

    Chesney-Lind, Meda, and Lisa Pasko. 2004. The Female Offender: Girls, Women, and Crime. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Chesney-Lind, Meda, and Nikki Jones, eds. 2010. Fighting for Girls: New Perspectives on Gender and Violence. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

    Chicago CRED. 2025. Our Approach. https://www.chicagocred.org/our-approach/.

    Collier, Richard. 2004. “Masculinities and Crime: Rethinking the ‘Man Question’?” Pp. 285–308 in The Blackwell Companion to Criminology, edited by C. Sumner. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell.

    Constable, Pamela. 2012. “For Battered Immigrant Women, Fear of Deportation Becomes Abuser’s Weapon.” The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/for-battered-immigrant-women-fear-of-deportation-becomes-abusers-weapon/2012/01/30/gIQAZCx3zQ_story.html.

    Craigie, Terry-Ann, and Ames Grawert. 2024. "Bail Reform and Public Safety." Brennan Center for Justice. https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/bail-reform-and-public-safety.

    Cullen, Francis T. 2007. “Make Rehabilitation Corrections’ Guiding Paradigm.” Criminology & Public Policy 6(4):717–727.

    Currie, Elliott. 2011. “On the Pitfalls of Spurious Prudence.” Criminology & Public Policy 10:109–114.

    Daly, Kathleen, and Meda Chesney-Lind. 1988. “Feminism and Criminology.” Justice Quarterly 5:497–538.

    Dammer, Harry R., and Jay S. Albanese. 2011. Comparative Criminal Justice Systems. 4th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

    Daniels, Roger. 2002. Coming to America: A History of Immigration and Ethnicity in American Life. New York, NY: Harper Perennial.

    Death Penalty Information Center. 2011. Facts About the Death Penalty. Washington, DC. http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/documents/FactSheet.pdf.

    DeFrancesco Soto, Victoria M. 2012. “Anti-Immigrant Rhetoric Is Anti-Latino.” The Nation. http://www.thenation.com/blog/166442/anti-immigrant-rhetoric-anti-latino.

    Desmond, Scott A., Susan E. Soper, and Daniel J. Purpura. 2009. “Religiosity, Moral Beliefs, and Delinquency: Does the Effect of Religiosity on Delinquency Depend on Moral Beliefs?” Sociological Spectrum 29:51–71.

    Duncan, Arne. 2025. "Trump’s Crackdown Will Make Crime Worse." The New York Timeshttps://www.nytimes.com/2025/08/22/o...community.html.

    Eberly, Lauren A., Howard Julien, Eugenia C. South, Atheendar Venkataraman, Ashwin S. Nathan, Emeka C. Anyawu, Elias Dayoub, Peter W. Groeneveld, and Sameed Ahmed M. Khatana. 2022. “Association Between Community‐Level Violent Crime and Cardiovascular Mortality in Chicago: A Longitudinal Analysis.” Journal of the American Heart Association 11(14):e025168.

    Fagan, Jeffrey A., and Alexis D. Campbell. 2020. “Race and Reasonableness in Police Killings.” Boston University Law Review 100:951.

    Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). N.d. "Crime in the United States 2019." https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2019/crime-in-the-u.s.-2019/topic-pages/property-crime.

    Figueroa, Ariana. 2025. "Trump Canceled Temporary Legal Status for More Than 1.5 Million Immigrants in 2025." Michigan Advancehttps://michiganadvance.com/2025/12/...aa&ceid=606999

    Frost, Natasha A., Joshua D. Freilich, and Todd R. Clear, eds. 2010. Contemporary Issues in Criminal Justice Policy: Policy Proposals from the American Society of Criminology Conference. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

    Galinato, Gregmar I., and Ryne Rohla. 2020. “Do Privately‐Owned Prisons Increase Incarceration Rates?” Labour Economics 67:101908. 

    Gramlich, John. 2024. “What the Data Says About Crime in the U.S.” Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/04/24/what-the-data-says-about-crime-in-the-us/.

    Grawert, Ames. 2024. “FBI Data Confirms Drop in Most Crimes in 2023—Especially Murders.” Brennan Center for Justice. https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/fbi-data-confirms-drop-most-crimes-2023-especially-murders.

    Greenhouse, Steven. 2011. “States Help Ex-Inmates Find Jobs.” New York Times, January 25, p. B1.

    Greenwood, Peter W. 2006. Changing Lives: Delinquency Prevention as Crime-Control Policy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Gusfield, Joseph R. 1963. Symbolic Crusade: Status Politics and the American Temperance Movement. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.

    Hanson, Rochelle F., Genelle K. Sawyer, Angela M. Begle, and Grace S. Hubel. 2010. “The Impact of Crime Victimization on Quality of Life.” Journal of Traumatic Stress 23(2):189-197.

    Human Rights Watch. 2026. "Dying in Detention: Rising Deaths in an Expanding US Immigration Detention System." https://www.hrw.org/report/2026/06/2...tention-system

    Immigration Policy Center. 2012. Strength in Diversity: The Economic and Political Power of Immigrants, Latinos, and Asians. Washington, DC.

    Jacobson, Michael. 2006. “Reversing the Punitive Turn: The Limits and Promise of Current Research.” Criminology & Public Policy 5:277–284.

    Jerving, Sarah. 2011. “Pennsylvania Students Protest Against Sexual Violence and Administrators Respond.” The Nation. http://www.thenation.com/blog/159037/pennsylvania-students-protests-against-sexual-violence-and-administrators-respond.

    KFF and New York Times. 2025. "Survey of Immigrants." https://www.kff.org/kff-nytimes-2025...of-immigrants/.

    Kitchener, Caroline, Charo Henríquez, and Hamed Aleaziz. 2026. "Pregnant in ICE Detention: Handcuffs and Pleas for Medical Care." The New York Timeshttps://www.nytimes.com/2026/03/20/u...detention.html

    Kovandzic, Tomislav V., John J. Sloan III, and Lynne M. Vieraitis. 2004. “'Striking Out' as Crime Reduction Policy: The Impact of 'Three Strikes' Laws on Crime Rates in U.S. Cities.” Justice Quarterly 21:207–239.

    Lab, Steven P. 2010. Crime Prevention: Approaches, Practices and Evaluations. 7th ed. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson.

    Lanctôt, Nadine, and Marie L. Blanc. 2002. “Explaining Deviance by Adolescent Females.” Crime and Justice: A Review of Research 29:113–202.

    Laub, John H., Robert J. Sampson, and George A. Sweeten. 2006. “Assessing Sampson and Laub’s Life-Course Theory of Crime.” Pp. 313–333 in Taking Stock: The Status of Criminological Theory, Vol. 15, edited by F. T. Cullen. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.

    Lee, M. J. 2012. “Alabama Immigration Law Costs $11 Billion, Study Shows.” Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0212/72308.html.

    Love, Hanna, Amy Liu, and Bethany Krupicka. 2025. "The Path to Public Safety Requires Economic Opportunity: Trends and Solutions in Urban, Suburban, and Rural Communities." Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/t...c-opportunity/.

    Lynch, Michael J., and Raymond J. Michalowski. 2006. Primer in Radical Criminology: Critical Perspectives on Crime, Power and Identity. 4th ed. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

    Mapping Deportations. 2025. "Timeline of U.S. Deportations, 1991–Now." https://mappingdeportations.com/timeline-1991-now/.

    Mapping Police Violence. 2025. "Mapping Police Violence." https://mappingpoliceviolence.org/?gad_source=1&gad_campaignid=22510816312&gbraid=0AAAAA9T_aeVHyROfyt0nPGTvneVox9u2P&gclid=CjwKCAjwlaTGBhANEiwAoRgXBZ9ytmzJ1O8WibS4-Dkwrsa7T8nq8m6Rh8OgK0SvkNICQIC6nUfF8hoC7w8QAvD_BwE.

    Mazerolle, Lorraine, Rebecca Wickes, and James McBroom. 2010. “Community Variations in Violence: The Role of Social Ties and Collective Efficacy in Comparative Context.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 47(1):3–30.

    McCarthy, Bill, and John Hagan. 2003. “Sanction Effects, Violence, and Native North American Street Youth.” Pp. 117–137 in Violent Crime: Assessing Race and Ethnic Differences, edited by D. F. Hawkins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Merton, Robert K. 1938. “Social Structure and Anomie.” American Sociological Review 3:672–682.

    Mesic, Aldina, Lydia Franklin, Alev Cansever, Fiona Potter, Anika Sharma, Anita Knopov, and Michael Siegel. 2018. “The Relationship Between Structural Racism and Black-White Disparities in Fatal Police Shootings at the State Level.” Journal of the National Medical Association 110(2):106-116.

    Miller, Jody, and Rod K. Brunson. 2000. “Gender Dynamics in Youth Gangs: A Comparison of Males’ and Females’ Accounts.” Justice Quarterly 17:419–448.

    Miller, Mitchell J., Christopher J. Schreck, and Richard Tewksbury. 2011. Criminological Theory: A Brief Introduction. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

    Miller, Ted R., Mark A. Cohen, David I. Swedler, and Bruce A. Lawrence. 2021. “Incidence and Costs of Personal and Property Crimes in the USA, 2017.” Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis 12(3): 431–447.

    Morin, Rich. 2013. "Crime Rises Among Second-generation Immigrants As They Assimilate." Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-re...ey-assimilate/.

    Morsy, Leila, and Richard Rothstein. 2016. "Mass Incarceration and Children’s Outcomes: Criminal Justice Policy Is Education Policy." Economic Policy Institute. https://www.epi.org/publication/mass-incarceration-and-childrens-outcomes/.

    Muraskin, Roslyn, ed. 2012. Women and Justice: It’s a Crime. 5th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

    NAACP. 2025. Criminal Justice Fact Sheet. https://naacp.org/resources/criminal-justice-fact-sheet.

    Nagin, Daniel S., Francis T. Cullen, and Cheryl Lero Jonson. 2009. “Imprisonment and Reoffending.” Crime and Justice: A Review of Research 38:115–200.

    Nam-Sonenstein, Michelle. 2024. “The Hidden Costs of Short Jail Stays.” Prison Policy Initiative. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2024/08/06/short_jail_stays/.

    National Institute of Justice. 2024. "Undocumented Immigrant Offending Rate Lower Than U.S.-Born Citizen Rate." https://docs.house.gov/meetings/JU/J...0122-SD004.pdf.

    Ott, Tim. 2012. “Alabama’s Immigration Law May Get a Second Look.” NPR. http://www.npr.org/2012/2002/2007/146490508/alabamas-immigration-law-may-get-a-second-look.

    Paternoster, Raymond, and Robert Brame. 2008. “Reassessing Race Disparities in Maryland Capital Cases.” Criminology 46:971–1007.

    Pfaelzer, Jean. 2008. Driven Out: The Forgotten War Against Chinese Americans. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Pierson, Emma, et al. 2020. “A Large-Scale Analysis of Racial Disparities in Police Stops across the United States.” Nature Human Behaviour 4(7):736–745. 

    Piquero, Alex R., David P. Farrington, Brandon C. Welsh, Richard Tremblay, and Wesley Jennings. 2009. "Effects of Early Family/Parent Training Programs on Antisocial Behavior and Delinquency." Journal of Experimental Criminology 5:83–120.

    Pitz, Mary. 2011. "Dickinson College to Change Sexual Assault Policy After Sit-in." Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/11065/1130102-1130454.stm.

    Piven, Frances Fox. 2006. Challenging Authority: How Ordinary People Change America. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

    Police Data Archive. 2025. "2025 Police Violence Report." https://policeviolencereport.org/.

    Richardson, Lynda. 2004. "Defending the Despised, and Loving to Do So." New York Times, July 13, p. B2.

    Roberts, Sam. 2012. "Study of Census Results Finds That Residential Segregation Is Down Sharply." New York Times, January 31, p. A13.

    Robinson, Matthew B. 2011. Media Coverage of Crime and Criminal Justice. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.

    Roediger, David R. 2006. Working Toward Whiteness: How America’s Immigrants Became White. New York: Basic Books.

    Roosevelt, Eleanor. 1960. You Learn by Living: Eleven Keys for a More Fulfilling Life. New York: Harper & Row.

    Rosoff, Stephen M., Henry N. Pontell, and Robert Tillman. 2010. Profit Without Honor: White Collar Crime and the Looting of America. 5th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

    Rothstein, Richard. 2012. "Racial Segregation Continues, and Even Intensifies." Economic Policy Institute. http://www.epi.org/publication/racial-segregation-continues-intensifies/.

    Russell, James W. 2011. Double Standard: Social Policy in Europe and the United States. 2nd ed. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

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    Saad, Lydia. 2023. “Personal Safety Fears at Three-Decade High in U.S.” Gallup News. https://news.gallup.com/poll/544415/personal-safety-fears-three-decade-high.aspx.

    Sampson, Robert J. 2008. "Rethinking Crime and Immigration." Contexts 7(2):28–33.

    Schorsch, Kristen. 2010. "Alliance Sees a Path to Ending Homelessness." Chicago Tribune, October 17. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2...omeless-system.

    Schwartz, John, and Emma G. Fitzsimmons. 2011. "Illinois Governor Signs Capital Punishment Ban." New York Times, March 10, p. A18.

    Semple, Kirk. 2011. "In a Study, Judges Express a Bleak View of Lawyers Representing Immigrants." New York Times, December 19, p. A24.

    Shoemaker, Donald J. 2010. Theories of Delinquency: An Examination of Explanations of Delinquent Behavior. 6th ed. New York: Oxford University Press.

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    Stark, Rodney. 1987. "Deviant Places: A Theory of the Ecology of Crime." Criminology 25:893–911.

    Stobbe, Mike. 2011. "Decade-long Study Links Living in Low-income Neighborhoods to Poor Health." The Boston Globe, October 20, p. A15.

    Sullivan, Briana, Donald Hays, and Neil Bennett. 2024. "Households With a White, Non-Hispanic Householder Were Ten Times Wealthier Than Those With a Black Householder in 2021." U.S. Census. https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2024/04/wealth-by-race.html.

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    Wadsworth, Tim. 2010. "Is Immigration Responsible for the Crime Drop? An Assessment of the Influence of Immigration on Changes in Violent Crime Between 1990 and 2000." Social Science Quarterly 91:531–553.

    Walker, Samuel, Cassia Spohn, and Miriam DeLone. 2012. The Color of Justice: Race, Ethnicity, and Crime in America. 5th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

    Waller, Irvin, and Brandon C. Welsh. 2007. "Reducing Crime by Harnessing International Best Practices." Pp. 208–216 in Solutions to Social Problems: Lessons from Other Societies, edited by D. S. Eitzen. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

    Welsh, Brandon C., and David P. Farrington. 2007. "Save Children From a Life of Crime." Criminology & Public Policy 6(4):871–879.

    Wenzel, Suzanne L., Barbara D. Leake, and Lillian Gelberg. 2001. "Risk Factors for Major Violence Among Homeless Women." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 16:739–752.

    Whyte, William F. 1943. Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Wright, Kristin. 2026. "Immigrant Detainees Sue Over 'Horrific' Conditions at Texas ICE Facility." NPRhttps://www.npr.org/2026/05/30/nx-s1...p-east-montana.

    Youth Advocate Programs, Inc. (YAP). 2025. "Youth Advocate Programs." https://www.yapinc.org/.

     


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