3: Molecular Biology and Genetics

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Learning Objectives

Define terms useful to molecular biology and genetics.
Explain and identify the purpose of both DNA replication and the cell cycle.
Identify key differences between mitosis and meiosis.
Outline the process of protein synthesis including transcription and translation.
Use principles of Mendelian inheritance to predict genotypes and phenotypes of future generations.
Explain complexities surrounding patterns of genetic inheritance and polygenic traits.
Discuss challenges to and bioethical concerns of genetic testing.

Image: Untitled under CC-0 Public Domain via PxHere.

3.1: Cells and Molecules
This section provides an overview of the four basic types of molecules that are essential for cell structure and function (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids) found in organisms.
3.2: Introduction to Genetics
Genetics is the study of heredity. Parents pass down their genetic traits to their offspring. Although children resemble their parents, traits often vary in appearance or molecular function. Molecular geneticists study the biological mechanisms responsible for creating variation between individuals, such as DNA mutations, cell division, and genetic regulation.
3.3: Protein Synthesis
We defined proteins as strings of amino acids that fold into complex 3-D shapes. There are 20 standard amino acids that can be strung together in different orders in humans, and the result is that proteins can perform an impressive amount of different functions. This section gives a summary of protein synthesis.
3.4: Mendelian Genetics and Other Patterns of Inheritance
Gregor Johann Mendel (1822–1884) is often described as the “Father of Genetics.” After several years of experiments, Mendel presented his work to a local scientific community in 1865 and published his findings the following year. Although his meticulous effort was notable, the importance of his work was not recognized for another 35 years.
3.5: Genomics, Epigenetics, and Genetic Testing
As our knowledge of heredity increases, researchers have begun to realize the importance of epigenetics, or changes in gene expression that do not result in a change of the underlying DNA sequence. Epigenetics research is also crucial for unraveling gene regulation, which involves complex interactions between DNA, RNA, proteins, and the environment.
3.6: End of Chapter of Review
Discussion questions and key term definitions.
3.7: Meet the Authors