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7.9: Key Terms

  • Page ID
    200399
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    algorithm
    problem-solving strategy characterized by a specific set of instructions
    analytical intelligence
    aligned with academic problem solving and computations
    anchoring bias
    faulty heuristic in which you fixate on a single aspect of a problem to find a solution
    artificial concept
    concept that is defined by a very specific set of characteristics
    availability heuristic
    faulty heuristic in which you make a decision based on information readily available to you
    cognition
    thinking, including perception, learning, problem solving, judgment, and memory
    cognitive psychology
    field of psychology dedicated to studying every aspect of how people think
    cognitive script
    set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as an event schema
    concept
    category or grouping of linguistic information, objects, ideas, or life experiences
    confirmation bias
    faulty heuristic in which you focus on information that confirms your beliefs
    convergent thinking
    providing correct or established answers to problems
    creative intelligence
    ability to produce new products, ideas, or inventing a new, novel solution to a problem
    creativity
    ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities
    crystallized intelligence
    characterized by acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it
    cultural intelligence
    ability with which people can understand and relate to those in another culture
    divergent thinking
    ability to think “outside the box” to arrive at novel solutions to a problem
    dyscalculia
    learning disability that causes difficulty in learning or comprehending mathematics
    dysgraphia
    learning disability that causes extreme difficulty in writing legibly
    dyslexia
    common learning disability in which letters are not processed properly by the brain
    emotional intelligence
    ability to understand emotions and motivations in yourself and others
    event schema
    set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as a cognitive script
    fluid intelligence
    ability to see complex relationships and solve problems
    Flynn effect
    observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation
    functional fixedness
    inability to see an object as useful for any other use other than the one for which it was intended
    grammar
    set of rules that are used to convey meaning through the use of a lexicon
    heuristic
    mental shortcut that saves time when solving a problem
    hindsight bias
    belief that the event just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t
    intelligence quotient
    (also, IQ) score on a test designed to measure intelligence
    language
    communication system that involves using words to transmit information from one individual to another
    lexicon
    the words of a given language
    mental set
    continually using an old solution to a problem without results
    morpheme
    smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning
    Multiple Intelligences Theory
    Gardner’s theory that each person possesses at least eight types of intelligence
    natural concept
    mental groupings that are created “naturally” through your experiences
    norming
    administering a test to a large population so data can be collected to reference the normal scores for a population and its groups
    overgeneralization
    extension of a rule that exists in a given language to an exception to the rule
    phoneme
    basic sound unit of a given language
    practical intelligence
    aka “street smarts”
    problem-solving strategy
    method for solving problems
    prototype
    best representation of a concept
    range of reaction
    each person’s response to the environment is unique based on his or her genetic make-up
    representative bias
    faulty heuristic in which you stereotype someone or something without a valid basis for your judgment
    representative sample
    subset of the population that accurately represents the general population
    role schema
    set of expectations that define the behaviors of a person occupying a particular role
    schema
    (plural = schemata) mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts
    semantics
    process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words
    standard deviation
    measure of variability that describes the difference between a set of scores and their mean
    standardization
    method of testing in which administration, scoring, and interpretation of results are consistent
    syntax
    manner by which words are organized into sentences
    trial and error
    problem-solving strategy in which multiple solutions are attempted until the correct one is found
    triarchic theory of intelligence
    Sternberg’s theory of intelligence; three facets of intelligence: practical, creative, and analytical
    working backwards
    heuristic in which you begin to solve a problem by focusing on the end result

    This page titled 7.9: Key Terms is shared under a CC BY 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by OpenStax.

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