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7.1: Alphabet Knowledge and the Alphabetic Principle

  • Page ID
    216670
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    The next constrained skills are alphabet or letter knowledge and understanding the purpose of the alphabetic code, or the alphabetic principle. The two are related, but distinct concepts in early childhood literacy. Both are constrained skills because there is a they have a limited number of elements to learn and can be mastered in a short amount of time and once they are learned, you do not have to relearn them.

    Alphabet knowledge is the knowledge of individual letter names, sounds, and shapes. This skill involves identifying the letters of the alphabet, their printed shapes, and the sounds they make. Children usually start developing this skill before they start school and can master it by the end of first grade. The components of Alphabet Knowledge are:

    • Letter Recognition: Identifying and naming letters.
    • Letter Formation: Writing letters correctly.
    • Visual Discrimination: Differentiating between similar letters (e.g., "b" and "d").
    • Letter-Sound Correspondence: Understanding the basic sounds associated with individual letters (this is a bridge to the alphabetic principle).

    The Alphabetic Principle is a knowledge of the names of the alphabet letters and their associated sounds. We know that a child has mastered the alphabetic principle when they are able to name all of the letters automatically when they see them in print and then say the sound that the letter typically makes. Children don’t typically develop an awareness of alphabet letters and the connection to their sounds until after 2 years of age.Children can't apply the alphabetic principle until they can recognize and name a number of letters. Once this knowledge is developed, it will enable children to develop a more complex understanding of the sounds that groups of letters typically make in words. The components of the alphabetic principle are:

    • Letter-Sound Correspondence: Knowing that each letter or letter combination corresponds to a particular sound. For example, "b" represents the /b/ sound.
    • Decoding: Applying letter-sound knowledge to read words. For instance, blending sounds together to read "cat" (/c/, /a/, /t/).
    • Encoding: Using letter-sound relationships to spell words. For example, writing "dog" by matching sounds to letters.
    • Alphabetic Understanding: Recognizing that letters are used systematically to represent spoken words and that this system is consistent across different words.

    How are the Two Related?

    Letter Knowledge is the Foundation: Letter knowledge provides the foundational skills necessary for understanding the alphabetic principle. Recognizing and naming letters is a precursor to understanding that these letters represent specific sounds.

    Alphabetic Principle Development: Once children grasp letter knowledge, they build on this to understand that letters correspond to sounds and can be combined to form words. This understanding is crucial for both reading and writing.

    Letter knowledge supports the development of the alphabetic principle, and mastery of the alphabetic principle enables children to use their letter knowledge to read and write effectively.

    References

    Beck, I. L., & Juel, C. (1995). The role of decoding in learning to read. American Educator, 19, 8-25.


    This page titled 7.1: Alphabet Knowledge and the Alphabetic Principle is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Christine Pegorraro Schull, Leslie La Croix, Sara E. Miller, Kimberly Sanders Austin, and Julie K. Kidd via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform.