Skip to main content
Social Sci LibreTexts

2.R: Heredity, Prenatal Development, and Birth (References)

  1. Last updated
  2. Save as PDF
  • Page ID
    210738

    • \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)

    \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)

    \( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)

    ( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)

    \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)

    \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)

    \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\)

    \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)

    \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)

    \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)

    \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorA}[1]{\vec{#1}}      % arrow\)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorAt}[1]{\vec{\text{#1}}}      % arrow\)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorB}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorC}[1]{\textbf{#1}} \)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorD}[1]{\overrightarrow{#1}} \)

    \( \newcommand{\vectorDt}[1]{\overrightarrow{\text{#1}}} \)

    \( \newcommand{\vectE}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{\mathbf {#1}}}} \)

    \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)

    \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)

    \(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)

    Albert, E. (2013). Many more women delay childbirth into 40s due to career constraints. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. http://www.jsonline.com/news/health/many-more-women-delay-childbirth-into-40s-due-to-career-constraints-b9971144z1-220272671.html.

    American Pregnancy Association. (2015). Epidural anesthesia. http://americanpregnancy.org/labor-and-birth/epidural/.

    American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.). Author.

    American Society of Reproductive Medicine. (2015). State infertility insurance laws. http://www.reproductivefacts.org/insurance.aspx.

    Berger, K. S. (2005). The developing person through the life span (6th ed.). Worth.

    Berk, L. (2004). Development through the life span (3rd ed.). Allyn and Bacon.

    Betts, J. G., DeSaix, P., Johnson, E., Johnson, J. E., Korol, O., Kruse, D. H., Poe, B., Wise, J. A., & Young, K. A. (2019). Anatomy and physiology (OpenStax). Rice University.

    Bortolus, R., Parazzini, F., Chatenoud, L., Benzi, G., Bianchi, M. M., & Marini, A. (1999). The epidemiology of multiple births. Human Reproduction Update, 5, 179-187.

    Bray, I., Gunnell, D., & Smith, G. D. (2006). Advanced paternal age: How old is too old? Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 60 (10), 851-853. Doi: 10.1136/jech.2005.045179.

    Brazelton, T. B., & Nugent, J. K. (1995). Neonatal behavioral assessment scale. Mac Keith Press.

    Bregel, S. (2017). The lonely terror of postpartum anxiety. https://www.thecut.com/2017/08/the-lonely-terror-of-postpartum-anxiety.html.

    Carrell, D. T., Wilcox, A. L., Lowry, L., Peterson, C. M., Jones, K. P., & Erikson, L. (2003). Elevated sperm chromosome aneuploidy and apoptosis in patients with unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 101 (6), 1229-1235.

    Carroll, J. L. (2007). Sexuality now: Embracing diversity (2nd ed.). Thomson.

    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). Surgeon's general's advisory on alcohol use during pregnancy. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/fasd/documents/surgeongenbookmark.pdf.

    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). Pelvic inflammatory disease. https://www.cdc.gov/std/pid/stdfact-pid.htm.

    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015a). Birthweight and gestation. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/birthweight.htm

    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015b). Genetic counseling. http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/genetics/genetic_counseling.html.

    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015c). Preterm birth. http://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/pretermbirth.htm.

    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015d). Smoking, pregnancy, and babies. http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/campaign/tips/diseases/pregnancy.html.

    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016a). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/fasd.

    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016b). HIV/AIDS prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/prevention.html.

    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016c). HIV transmission. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/transmission.html.

    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016d). STDs during pregnancy. http://www.cdc.gov/std/pregnancy/stdfact-pregnancy.htm.

    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Pregnancy-related deaths. https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/maternal-deaths/.

    Chiu, A. (2019, May 30). 'She's a miracle': Born weighing about as much as 'a large apple,' Saybie is the world's smallest surviving baby. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/05/30/world-smallest-surviving-baby-saybie-miracle/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.7c8d0bb6acf7.

    Conners, N.A., Bradley, R.H., Whiteside-Mansell, L., Liu, J.Y., Roberts, T.J., Burgdorf, K., & Herrell, J.M. (2003). Children of mothers with serious substance abuse problems: An accumulation of risks. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 29 (4), 743-758.

    Cordier, S. (2008). Evidence for a role of paternal exposure in developmental toxicity. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, 102, 176-181.

    Eisenberg, A., Murkoff, H. E., & Hathaway, S. E. (1996). What to expect when you're expecting. Workman Publishing.

    Figdor, E., & Kaeser, L. (1998). Concerns mount over punitive approaches to substance abuse among pregnant women. The Guttmacher report on public policy, 1 (5), 3-5.

    Fraga, M. F., Ballestar, E., Paz, M. F., Ropero, S., Setien, F., Ballestar, M. L., ... Esteller, M. (2005). Epigenetic differences arise during the lifetime of monozygotic twins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (USA), 102, 10604-10609. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0500398102.

    Gottlieb, G. (1998). Normally occurring environmental and behavioral influences on gene activity: From central dogma to probabilistic epigenesis. Psychological Review, 105, 792-802.

    Gottlieb, G. (2000). Environmental and behavioral influences on gene activity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 93-97.

    Gottlieb, G. (2002). Individual development and evolution: The genesis of novel behavior. Oxford University Press.

    Gould, J. L., & Keeton, W. T. (1997). Biological science (6th ed.). Norton.

    Gray, K. J., Bordt, E. A., Atyeo, C., Deriso, E., Akinwunmi, B., Young, N., Baez, A. M.... Edlow. A. G. (2021) Coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine response in pregnant and lactating women: a cohort study. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Advance Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2021.03.023.

    Gregory, E. (2007). Ready: Why women are embracing the new later motherhood. Basic Books.

    Grossman, D., & Slutsky, D. (2017). The effect of an increase in lead in the water system on fertility and birth outcomes: The case of Flint, Michigan. Economics Faculty Working Papers Series. Retrieved from http://www2.ku.edu/~kuwpaper/2017Papers/201703.pdf.

    Hall, D. (2004). Meiotic drive and sex chromosome cycling. Evolution, 58 (5), 925-931.

    Health Resources and Services Administration. (2015). HIV screening for pregnant women. http://www.hrsa.gov/quality/toolbox/hivpregnantwomen/index.html.

    Jos, P. H., Marshall, M. F., & Perlmutter, M. (1995). The Charleston policy on cocaine use during pregnancy: A cautionary tale. The Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics, 23 (2), 120-128.

    Leve, L. D., Neiderhiser, J. M., Scarmella, L. V., & Reiss, D. (2010). The early growth and development study: Using the prospective adoption design to examine genotype-interplay. Behavior Genetics, 40, 306-314. DOI: 10.1007/s10519010- 9353-1.

    MacDorman, M., Menacker, F., & Declercq, E. (2010). Trends and characteristics of home and other out of hospital births in the United States, 1990-2006 (United States, Center for Disease Control). http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr58;nvsr58_11.PDF.

    Maier, S.E., & West, J.R. (2001). Drinking patterns and alcohol-related birth defects. Alcohol Research & Health, 25 (3), 168174.

    March of Dimes. (2009). Rh disease. http://www.marchofdimes.org/complications/rh-disease.aspx.

    March of Dimes. (2012a). Rubella and your baby. http://www.marchofdimes.org/baby/rubella-and-your-baby.aspx.

    March of Dimes. (2012b). Stress and pregnancy. http://www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/stress-and-pregnancy.aspx.

    March of Dimes. (2012c). Teenage pregnancy. http://www.marchofdimes.org/materials/teenage-pregnancy.pdf.

    March of Dimes. (2012d). Toxoplasmosis. http://www.marchofdimes.org/complications/toxoplasmosis.aspx.

    March of Dimes. (2013). Sexually transmitted diseases. http://www.marchofdimes.org/complications/sexually-transmitted-diseases.aspx.

    March of Dimes. (2014). Pesticides and pregnancy. http://www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/pesticides-and-pregnancy.aspx.

    March of Dimes. (2015a). Depression during pregnancy. http://www.marchofdimes.org/complications/depression-during-pregnancy.aspx.

    March of Dimes. (2015b). Gestational diabetes. http://www.marchofdimes.org/complications/gestational-diabetes.aspx.

    March of Dimes. (2015c). High blood pressure during pregnancy. http://www.marchofdimes.org/complications/high-blood-pressure-during-pregnancy.aspx.

    March of Dimes. (2015d). Neonatal abstinence syndrome. http://www.marchofdimes.org/complications/neonatal-abstinence-syndrome-(nas).aspx.

    March of Dimes. (2016a). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. http://www.marchofdimes.org/complications/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders.aspx.

    March of Dimes. (2016b). Identifying the causes of birth defects. Retrieved from http://www.marchofdimes.org/research/identifying-the-causes-of-birth-defects.aspx.

    March of Dimes. (2016c). Marijuana and pregnancy. Retrieved from http://www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/marijuana.aspx.

    March of Dimes. (2016d). Pregnancy after age 35. Retrieved from http://www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy-after-age-35.aspx.

    March of Dimes. (2016e). Prescription medicine during pregnancy. Retrieved from http://www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/prescription-medicine-during-pregnancy.aspx.

    March of Dimes. (2016f). Weight gain during pregnancy. Retrieved from http://www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/weight-gain-during-pregnancy.aspx.

    Martin, J. A., Hamilton, B. E., Osterman, M., Curtin, S. C., & Mathews, T. J. (2015). Births: Final data for 2013. National Vital Statistics Reports, 64 (1), 1-65.

    Mayo Clinic. (2014). Labor and delivery, postpartum care. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/labor-and-delivery/in-depth/inducing-labor/art-20047557.

    Mayo Clinic. (2015). Male infertility. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-infertility/basics/definition/con-20033113.

    Mayo Clinic. (2016). Episiotomy: When it's needed, when it's not. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/labor-and-delivery/in-depth/episiotomy/art-20047282.

    Mithal, L. B., Otero, S., Shanes, E. D., Goldstein, J. A., & Miller, E. S. (2021). Cord blood antibodies following maternal coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination during pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Advance Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2021.03.035.

    Morgan, M.A., Goldenberg, R.L., & Schulkin, J. (2008). Obstetrician-gynecologists’ practices regarding preterm birth at the limit of viability. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 21, 115-121.

    National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (2013). Preeclampsia. Retrieved from https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/preeclampsia/conditioninfo/Pages/risk.aspx.

    National Institute of Health (2015). An overview of the human genome project. Retrieved from http://www.genome.gov/12011238.

    National Institute of Health. (2019). Klinefelter syndrome. Retrieved from https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/klinefelter-syndrome#statistics.

    National Public Radio. (Producer). (2015, November 18). In Tennessee, giving birth to a drug-dependent baby can be a crime [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript.php?storyld=455924258.

    Nippoldt, T.B. (2015). How does paternal age affect a baby's health? Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/getting-pregnant/expert-answers/paternal-age/faq-2005787.

    Pettersson, E., Larsson, H., D’Onofrio, B., Almqvist, C., & Lichtenstein, P. (2019). Association of fetal growth with general and specific mental health conditions. JAMA Psychiatry, 76 (5), 536-543. Doi:10.1001jamapsychiatry.2018.4342.

    Plomin, R., DeFries, J. C., Knopik, V. S., & Niederhiser, J. M. (2013). Behavioral genetics (6th edition). NY: Worth Publishers.

    Poduri, A., & Volpe, J. (2018). Volpe's neurology of the newborn (6th edition). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.

    Regev, R.H., Lusky, T. Dolfin, I. Litmanovitz, S. Arnon, B. & Reichman. (2003). Excess mortality and morbidity among small-for-gestational-age premature infants: A population based study. Journal of Pediatrics, 143, 186-191.

    Rehan, V. K., Sakurai, J. S., & Torday, J. S. (2011). Thirdhand smoke: A new dimension to the effects of cigarette smoke in the developing lung. American Journal of Physiology: Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, 301 (1), L1-8.

    Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (1997). Fetal awareness: Review of research and recommendations. Retrieved from https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/fetal-awareness---review-of-research-and-recommendations-for-practice/.

    Samuelson, K. (2020). Placentas from COVID-19-positive pregnant women show injury. Retrieved from https://news.northwestern.edu/stories/2020/05/placentas-from-covid-19-positive-pregnant-women-show-injury/.

    Shanes, E. D., Otero, S., Mithal, L. B., Mupanomunda, C., Miller, E. S., & Goldstein, J. A. (2021). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination in pregnancy measures of immunity and placental histopathology. Obstetrics & Gynecology. Advance Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000004457.

    Someji, S., & Beltrán-Sánchez, H. (2019). Association of maternal cigarette smoking and smoking cessation with preterm birth. JAMA Network Open, 2 (4), e192514. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.2514.

    Stiles, J. & Jernigan, T. L. (2010). The basics of brain development. Neuropsychology Review, 20 (4), 327-348. doi: 10.1007/s11065-010-9148-4.

    Streissguth, A.P., Barr, H.M., Kogan, J. & Bookstein, F. L. (1996). Understanding the occurrence of secondary disabilities in clients with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE). Final Report to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), August. Seattle: University of Washington, Fetal Alcohol & Drug Unit, Tech. Rep. No. 96-06.

    Sun, F., Sebastiani, P., Schupf, N., Bae, H., Andersen, S. L., McIntosh, A., Abel, H., Elo, I., & Perls, T. (2015). Extended maternal age at birth of last child and women's longevity in the Long Life Family Study. Menopause: The Journal of the North American Menopause Society, 22 (1), 26-31.

    Tong, V. T., Dietz, P.M., Morrow, B., D'Angelo, D.V., Farr, S.L., Rockhill, K.M., & England, L.J. (2013). Trends in smoking before, during, and after pregnancy — Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, United States, 40 Sites, 2000-2010. Surveillance Summaries, 62(SS06), 1-19. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6206a1.htm.

    United States National Library of Medicine. (2014). In vitro fertilization. Retrieved from https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007279.htm.

    United States National Library of Medicine. (2015a). Fetal development. Retrieved from https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002398.htm.

    United States National Library of Medicine. (2015b). Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Retrieved from https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001563.htm.

    Weir, K. (2022). A hidden epidemic of fetal alcohol syndrome. Monitor on Psychology, 53 (5), 24-27.

    World Health Organization. (2010, September 15). Maternal deaths worldwide drop by a third, WHO. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/maternal_mortality_20100915/en/index.html.

    Youngentob, S. L., Molina, J. C., Spear, N. E., & Youngentob, L. M. (2007). The effect of gestational ethanol exposure on voluntary ethanol intake in early postnatal and adult rats. Behavioral Neuroscience, 121 (6), 1306-1315. http://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.121.6.1306.

    Heyn H, Li N, Ferreira H, et al., Distinct DNA methylomes of newborns and centenariansexternal icon. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:10522-7

    McCartney D, Stevenson A, Hillary R, et al., Epigenetic signatures of starting and stopping smokingexternal icon. EBioMedicine 2018; 37:214-220

    Chandran A, Antony C, Jose L, et al., Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection Induces HDAC1-Medicated Suppression of IL-12B Gene Expression in Macrophagesexternal icon. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:90.

    Tang Q, Cheng J, Cao X, et al., Blood-based DNA methylation as biomarker for breast cancer: a systematic reviewexternal icon. Clin Epigenetics 2016; 8: 115.

    Johnson D, Barclay R, Mergener K, et al., Plasma Septin9 Versus Fecal Immunochemical Testing for Colorectal Cancer Screening: A Prospective Multicenter Studyexternal icon. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98238.

    Food and Drug Administration. Epi proColonpdf iconexternal icon. 2016 [accessed 29 June 2020].

    Roseboom T., Epidemiological evidence for the developmental origins of health and disease: effects of prenatal undernutrition in humansexternal icon. J Endocrinol 2019. 242:T135-T144

    Heijmans B, Tobi E, Stein A, et al., Persistent epigenetic differences associated with prenatal exposure to famine in humansexternal icon. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105: 17046-17049.

    Tobi E, Lumey L, Talens R, et al., DNA Methylation Differences After Exposure to Prenatal Famine Are Common and Timing- And Sex- Specificexternal icon. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:4046-53.

    Tobi E, Slieker R, Luijk R, et al., DNA methylation as a mediator of the association between prenatal adversity and risk factors for metabolic disease in adulthoodexternal icon. Sci Adv 2018; 4:eaao4364.

    Dayeh T, Tuomi T, Almgren P, et al., DNA Methylation of Loci Within ABCG1 and PHOSPHO1 in Blood DNA is Associated With Future Type 2 Diabetes Riskexternal icon. Epigenetics 2016; 7: 482-8.

    Pidsley R, Dempster E, Troakes C, et al., Epigenetic and genetic variation at the IGF2/H19 imprinting control region on 11p15.5 is associated with cerebellum weightexternal icon. Epigenetics 2012; 7:155-163.

    Rahbari, R.; Wuster, A.; Lindsay, S.J.; Hurst, J.M.; Rahbari, R. (2016). "Timing, rates and spectra of human germline mutation". Nature Genetics. 48 (2): 126–133. doi:10.1038/ng.3469

    This page titled 2.R: Heredity, Prenatal Development, and Birth (References) is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Martha Lally and Suzanne Valentine-French via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform.