3.6: Footnotes

1. B. L. Voss, “Sexuality Studies in Archaeology,” Annual Review of Anthropology 37 (2008): 317–336. See also this volume’s chapter 1. ↵
2. E.g., A. Praetzellis, “Queer Theory,” in Archaeological Theory in a Nutshell (Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, 2015), chap. 7. ↵
3. J. McLaughlin, M. E. Casey, and D. Richardson, “Introduction: At the Intersections of Feminist and Queer Debates,” in Intersections between Feminist and Queer Theory, ed. D. Richardson, J. McLaughlin, and M. E. Casey (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), 1–18. ↵
4. A. C. Roosevelt, “Gender in Human Evolution: Sociobiology Revisited and Revised,” in In Pursuit of Gender: Worldwide Archaeological Approaches, ed. S. M. Nelson and M. Rosen-Ayalon (Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 2002), 355–376. ↵
5. T. A. Dowson, “Why Queer Archaeology? An Introduction,” in Queer Archaeologies,” World Archaeology 32, no. 2 (2000): 161–165; S. Terendy and N. Lyons, eds., Que(e)rying Archaeology: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual Chacmool Conference (Calgary, AB: Archaeological Association, University of Calgary, 2009). ↵
6. E.g., C. F. Klein, “None of the Above: Gender Ambiguity in Nahua Ideology,” in Gender in Pre-Hispanic America, ed. C. F. Klein and J. Quilter (Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 2001), 183–253; I. Silverblatt, “Andean Women in the Inca Empire,” Feminist Studies 4, no. 3 (1978): 37–61; I. Silverblatt, Moon, Sun and Witches: Gender Ideologies and Class in Inca and Colonial Peru (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987); I. Silverblatt, “Lessons of Gender and Ethnohistory in Mesoamerica,” Ethnohistory 42, no. 4 (1995): 639–650. ↵
7. T. D. Bulger and R. A. Joyce, “Archaeology of Embodied Subjectivities,” in A Companion to Gender Prehistory, ed. D. Bolger (New York: Wiley and Sons, 2013), 68–85. ↵
8. For universals, see e.g., P. L. Geller, “Identity and Difference: Complicating Gender in Archaeology,” Annual Review of Anthropology 38 (2009): 65; and for categorization, see C. Blackmore, “How to Queer the Past Without Sex: Queer Theory, Feminisms and the Archaeology of Identity,” Archaeologies: Journal of the World Archaeological Congress 7, no. 12 (2011): 79. ↵
9. B. L. Voss, “Looking for Gender, Finding Sexuality: A Queer Politic of Archaeology, Fifteen Years Later,” in Terendy and Lyons, Que(e)rying Archaeology, 34. ↵
10. E.g., A. Fausto-Sterling, Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality (New York: Basic Books, 2000). ↵
11. Fausto-Sterling, 7. ↵
12. P. L. Geller, “Skeletal Analysis and Theoretical Complications,” World Archaeology 37 (2005): 598. ↵
13. R. Storey, “Health and Lifestyle (before and after Death) among the Copán Elite,” in Copán: The History of an Ancient Maya Kingdom, ed. E. W. Andrews and W. L. Fash (Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, 2005), 315–344. ↵
14. E. M. Perry and J. M. Potter, “Materiality and Social Change in the Practice of Feminist Anthropology,” in Feminist Anthropology: Past Present and Future, ed. P. L. Geller and M. K. Stockett (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006), 118. ↵
15. L. Ghisleni, A. M. Jordan, and E. Fioccoprile, “Introduction to ‘Binary Binds’: Deconstructing Sex and Gender Dichotomies in Archaeological Practice,” Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 23, no. 3 (2016): 779. ↵
16. Ghisleni, Jordan, and Fioccoprile, 771. ↵
17. L. Meskell and R. W. Preucel, “Identities,” in A Companion to Social Archaeology, ed. L. Meskell and R. W. Preucel (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2007), 122. ↵
18. T. W. Laqueur, Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990). ↵
19. R. A. Nye, “Sexuality,” in A Companion to Gender History, ed. T. A. Meade and M. E. Wiesner (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004), 16. ↵
20. R. Gilchrist, “Experiencing Gender: Identity, Sexuality and the Body,” Gender and Archaeology: Contesting the Past (London: Routledge, 1999), 55. ↵
21. J. Money and A. A. Ehrhardt, Man and Woman, Boy and Girl: Differentiation and Dimorphism of Gender Identity from Conception to Maturity (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972). See also A. Oakley, Sex, Gender, and Society (San Francisco, CA: Harper and Row, 1972); and R. J. Stoller, Sex and Gender: On the Development of Masculinity and Femininity (New York: Science House, 1968). ↵
22. J. Butler, Gender Trouble (New York: Routledge, 1990); J. Butler, Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of “Sex” (New York: Routledge, 1993). ↵
23. Laqueur, Making Sex. ↵
24. Butler, Gender Trouble, 10. ↵
25. J. Sofaer, The Body as Material Culture: A Theoretical Osteoarchaeology (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 97. Butler’s followers include I. Fuglestvedt, “Declaration on Behalf of an Archaeology of Sexe,” Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 21, no. 1 (2014): 52; R. Schmidt, “The Contribution of Gender to Personal Identity in the Southern Scandinavian Mesolithic,” in The Archaeology of Plural and Changing Identities: Beyond Identification, ed. E. Casella and C. Fowler (New York: Springer, 2004), 79–108; and T. Ardren, “Studies of Gender in the Prehispanic Americas,” Journal of Archaeological Research 16 (2008): 1. ↵
26. Fuglestvedt, “Declaration on Behalf of an Archaeology of Sexe,” 58. ↵
27. G. G. McCafferty and S. D. McCafferty, “The Metamorphosis of Xochiquetzal,” in Manifesting Power: Gender and the Interpretation of Power in Archaeology, ed. T. L. Sweely (New York: Routledge, 1999), 117. ↵
28. L. H. Wren, K. Spencer, and T. Nygard, “To Face or to Flee from the Foe: Women in Warfare at Chichen Itza,” in Landscapes of the Itza: Archaeology and Art History at Chichen Itza and Neighboring Sites, ed. L. H. Wren, C. Kristan-Graham, T. Nygard, and K. Spencer (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2018), 260–261. ↵
29. K. Reese-Taylor, P. Mathews, J. Guernsey, and M. Fritzler, “Warrior Queens among the Ancient Maya,” in Blood and Beauty: Organized Violence in the Art and Archaeology of Mesoamerica and Central America, ed. H. Orr and R. Koontz (Los Angeles, CA: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, 2009), 39–72. ↵
30. J. Nordbladh and T. Yates, “This Perfect Body, This Virgin Text,” in Archaeology after Structuralism: Post-structuralism and the Practice of Archaeology, ed. I. Bapty and T. Yates (New York: Routledge, 1990), 222–239. ↵
31. For an overview, see E. M. Brumfiel, “The Archaeology of Gender in Mesoamerica: Moving beyond Gender Complementarity,” in A Companion to Gender Prehistory, ed. D. Bolger (Malden, MA: John Wiley, 2013), 574–575. ↵
32. M. G. Looper, “Women-Men (and Men-Women): Classic Maya Rulers and the Third Gender,” in Ancient Maya Women, ed. T. Ardren (Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 2001), 171–202; B. J. A. Follensbee, “Unsexed Images, Gender-Neutral Costume, and Gender-Ambiguous Costume in Formative Period Gulf Coast Cultures,” in Wearing Culture: Dress and Regalia in Early Mesoamerica and Central America, ed. H. S. Orr and M. G. Looper (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2014), 226. ↵
33. Follensbee, “Unsexed Images,” 217. ↵
34. J. P. Blomster, “The Naked and the Ornamental: Embodiment and Fluid Identities in Early Formative Oaxaca,” in Wearing Culture: Dress and Regalia in Early Mesoamerica and Central America, ed. H. S. Orr and M. G. Looper (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2014), 107. ↵
35. E. Hunt, The Transformation of the Hummingbird (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1977), 95–109; for an expansion of this research, see K. Bassie-Sweet, “Corn Deities and the Male/Female Principle,” in Ancient Maya Gender Identity and Relations, ed. L. S. Gustafson and A. M. Trevelyan (Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey, 2002), 169–190; and S. Milbrath, “Gender and the Roles of Lunar Deities in Postclassic Central Mexico and Their Correlations with the Maya Area,” Estudios de Cultura Nahuatl 39 (1995): 45–93. ↵
36. Klein, “None of the Above,” 219–221. ↵
37. Milbrath, “Gender and the Roles of Lunar Deities in Postclassic Central Mexico and Their Correlations with the Maya Area”; E. C. Mandell, “A New Analysis of the Gender Attribution of the ‘Great Goddess’ of Teotihuacan,” Ancient Mesoamerica 26, no. 1 (2015): 43. ↵
38. F. K. Reilly, “Female and Male: The Ideology of Balance and Renewal in Elite Costuming among the Ancient Maya,” in Gustafson and Trevelyan, Ancient Maya Gender Identity and Relations, 319–328; Looper, “Women-Men (and Men-Women).” ↵
39. A. J. Stone, “Sacrifice and Sexuality: Some Structural Relationships in Classic Maya Art,” in The Role of Gender in Pre-Columbian Art and Architecture, ed. V. E. Miller (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1988), 75–76. ↵
40. R. A. Joyce, “Dimensiones Simbolicas del Traje en Monumentos Clasicos Mayas: La Construccion del Genero a Traves del Vestido,” in La Indumentaria y El Tejido Mayas a Traves del Tiempo, Monograph 8, ed. L. Asturias and D. Fernandez (Guatemala City, Guatemala: Museo Ixchel del Traje Indigena, 1992). Rosemary A. Joyce, “The Construction of Gender in Classic Maya Monuments,” in Gender and Archaeology, ed. R. P. Wright (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996), 166–195. ↵
41. P. U. Bonomi, The Lord Cornbury Scandal: The Politics of Reputation in British America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 15. ↵
42. P. Sigal, “Gendered Power, the Hybrid Self, and Homosexual Desire in Late Colonial Yucatan,” in Infamous Desire: Male Homosexuality in Colonial Latin America, ed. P. Sigal (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 115. ↵
43. M. Foucault, The History of Sexuality, vol. 1, An Introduction (London: Allen Lane, 1978). ↵
44. D. M. Halperin, How to Do the History of Homosexuality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002). ↵
45. See B. L. Voss, “Feminisms, Queer Theories, and the Archaeological Study of Past Sexualities,” World Archaeology 32, no. 2 (2000): 184. ↵
46. E. M. Perry and R. A. Joyce, “Interdisciplinary Applications: Providing a Past for ‘Bodies That Matter’: Judith Butler’s Impact on the Archaeology of Gender,” International Journal of Sexuality and Gender Studies 6, nos. 1–2 (2001): 74. ↵
47. R. A. Joyce, “Performance and Inscription: Human Nature in Prehispanic Mesoamerica,” in Gender and Power in Prehispanic Mesoamerica, ed. R. Joyce (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2000), 191. ↵
48. P. Sigal, From Moon Goddesses to Virgins: The Colonization of Yucatecan Maya Sexual Desire (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2000), 224. ↵
49. R. A. Joyce, “Gender and Mesoamerican Archaeology,” in Handbook of Gender in Archaeology, ed. S. M. Nelson (Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press, 2006), 800. ↵
50. J. J. Aimers, “The Sexual Colonization of the Ancient Maya,” Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 11 (2014): 157. ↵
51. S. D. Houston and T. Inomata, The Classic Maya (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 55. ↵
52. Fuglestvedt, “Declaration on Behalf of an Archaeology of Sexe,” 69. ↵
53. S. D. McCafferty, and G. G. McCafferty, “Powerful Women and the Myth of Male Dominance in Aztec Society,” Archaeological Review from Cambridge 7 (1988): 45–59. For gender parallelism, see Rosemary A. Joyce, “Archaeology of Gender in Mesoamerican Societies,” in The Oxford Handbook of Mesoamerican Archaeology, ed. D. L. Nichols and C. A. Pool (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 663–672. ↵
54. M. K. Stockett, “On the Importance of Difference: Re-envisioning Sex and Gender in Ancient Mesoamerica,” World Archaeology 37, no. 4 (2005): 568. ↵
55. Blackmore, “How to Queer the Past Without Sex,” 77; Voss, “Looking for Gender, Finding Sexuality.” ↵
56. Blackmore, “How to Queer the Past Without Sex,” 77. ↵
57. R. Gilchrist, “Archaeology and the Life Course: A Time and Age for Gender,” in A Companion to Social Archaeology, ed. L. Meskell and R. W. Preucel (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2007), 142–160. ↵
58. Fuglestvedt, “Declaration on Behalf of an Archaeology of Sexe,” 66; Fuglestvedt drew on Schmidt, “The Contribution of Gender to Personal Identity.” ↵
59. Stockett, “On the Importance of Difference,” 571–572. ↵
60. Pulque is a lightly fermented beverage made from the agave plant. It was a common pre-Columbian beverage that also had ritual importance. ↵
61. Milbrath, “Gender and the Roles of Lunar Deities,” 46. ↵
62. Klein, “None of the Above,” 195. ↵
63. Ghisleni, Jordan, and Fioccoprile, “Introduction to ‘Binary Binds,’” 770. ↵
64. Alberti, “Queer Prehistory,” 95. See also Joyce, “Performance and Inscription.” ↵
65. Gilchrist, “Experiencing Gender,” 73. See also L. Meskell, “Re-Em(bed)ding Sex: Domesticity, Sexuality, and Ritual in New Kingdom Egypt,” in Archaeologies of Sexuality (New York: Routledge, 2000), 253–262; and Meskell and Preucel, “Identities.” ↵
66. Alberti, “Queer Prehistory,” 94. ↵
67. Ghisleni, Jordan, and Fioccoprile, “Introduction to ‘Binary Binds,’” 777. ↵
68. S. E. Hollimon, “The Third Gender in Native California: Two-Spirit Undertakers among the Chumash and Their Neighbors,” in Women in Prehistory: North America and Mesoamerica, ed. C. Claassen and R. A. Joyce (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997), 183. ↵
69. C. A. Vance, ed., Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality (Boston, MA: Routledge, 1984), 17. ↵
70. For the study of Spanish colonialism, see B. L. Voss, “Domesticating Imperialism: Sexual Politics and the Archaeology of Empire,” American Anthropologist 110, no. 2 (2008): 196; and for ethnosexual conflict, see J. Nagel, Race, Ethnicity, and Sexuality: Intimate Intersections, Forbidden Frontiers (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003). ↵
71. Sigal, “Gendered Power,” 104, 108. ↵
72. Sigal, 109. ↵
73. For sexual imagery linked to politics and power, see M. Weismantel, “Moche Sex Pots: Reproduction and Temporality in Ancient South America,” American Anthropologist 106, no. 3 (2004): 495–505; J. M. Gero, “Sex Pots of Ancient Peru: Post-gender Reflections,” in Combining the Past and the Present: Archaeological Perspectives on Society, ed. R. Haaland, T. Oestigaard, N. Anfinset, and T. Saetersdal (Oxford: Archaeopress, 2004), 3–22; and S. Bourget, Sex, Death, and Sacrifice in Moche Religion and Visual Culture (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2006). See also Voss, “Sexuality Studies in Archaeology,” 322. ↵
74. M. J. Horswell, “Toward an Andean Theory of Ritual Same-Sex Sexuality and Third-Gender Subjectivity,” in Infamous Desire: Male Homosexuality in Colonial Latin America, ed. P. Sigal (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 43. ↵