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4.7: Footnotes

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    1. G. Lerner, “Placing Women in History: Definitions and Challenges,” Feminist Studies 3 (1975): 5–14. ↵
    2. J. Katz, Gay American History: Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S.A. (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1976). ↵
    3. C. H. Dayton, “Consensual Sex: The Eighteenth-Century Double Standard,” in Women before the Bar: Gender, Law, and Society in Connecticut, 1639–1789 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 157–229. ↵
    4. W. Roscoe, The Zuni Man-Woman (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1991), 5. ↵
    5. D. P. Fages, An Historical, Political, and Natural Description of California, trans. H. I. Priestly (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1937), 33. ↵
    6. S.-E. Jacobs, W. K. Thomas, and S. Lang, eds., Two-Spirit People: Native American Gender Identity, Sexuality, and Spirituality (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997), 4; S. Lang, Men as Women, Women as Men: Changing Gender in Native American Cultures (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1998), xiii. ↵
    7. R. Dunbar-Ortiz, An Indigenous People’s History of the United States (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2014), 57–60, 81–100, 108–110, 136–139, 144–151; R. C. Trexler, Sex and Conquest: Gendered Violence, Political Order, and the European Conquest of the Americas (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995), 155–167; A. Jagose, Queer Theory: An Introduction (New York: New York University Press, 1996). ↵
    8. R. H. Cleves, Charity and Sylvia: A Same-Sex Marriage in Early America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014); S. V. Hartman, Scenes of Subjection: Terror, Slavery, and Self-Making in Nineteenth-Century America (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997); W. W. Hening, ed., The Statutes at Large: Being a Collection of All the Laws of Virginia, 1619–1792 (Charlottesville: Jamestown Foundation / University Press of Virginia, 1969); M. Hodes, White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the Nineteenth-Century South (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997); M. Hodes, ed., Sex, Love, Race: Crossing Boundaries in North American History (New York: New York University Press, 1999). ↵
    9. E. K. Sedgwick, Epistemology of the Closet (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990). ↵
    10. M. B. Norton, “An Indentured Servant Identifies as ‘Both Man and Woeman’: Jamestown, 1629,” in Women’s America: Refocusing the Past, 8th ed., ed. L. K. Kerber, J. S. De Hart, C. H. Dayton, and J. T.-C. Wu (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016), 37. ↵
    11. K. Brown, “‘Changed . . . into the Fashion of a Man’: The Politics of Sexual Difference in a Seventeenth-Century Anglo-American Settlement,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 6 (1995): 171–193. ↵
    12. N. F. Cott, “Passionlessness: An Interpretation of Victorian Sexual Ideology, 1790–1850,” Signs 4 (Winter 1978):219–236; K. Lystra, Searching the Heart: Women, Men, and Romantic Love in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989). ↵
    13. K. V. Hansen, “‘No Kisses Is Like Youres’: An Erotic Friendship between Two African-American Women during the Mid-Nineteenth Century,” Gender and History 7 (August 1995): 153–182; C. Smith-Rosenberg, “The Female World of Love and Ritual: Relations between Women in Nineteenth-Century America,” Signs 1, no. 1 (1975): 1–29. ↵
    14. M. G. Murray, “Pete the Great: A Biography of Peter Doyle,” Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 12 (Summer 1994):1–51. ↵
    15. G. Chauncey, Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940 (New York: Basic Books, 1994), 13–14, 33–45. ↵
    16. K. Coyle and N. Van Dyke, “Sex, Smashing, and Storyville in Turn-of-the-Century New Orleans: Reexamining the Continuum of Lesbian Sexuality,” in Carryin’ On in the Lesbian and Gay South, ed. J. Howard (New York: New York University Press, 1997), 56–72. ↵
    17. L. Faderman and S. Timmons, Gay L.A.: A History of Sexual Outlaws, Power Politics, and Lipstick Lesbians (New York: Basic Books, 2006), 23–24. ↵
    18. G. L. Atkins, Gay Seattle: Stories of Exile and Belonging (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2006), 16; P.Boag, Same-Sex Affairs: Constructing and Controlling Homosexuality in the Pacific Northwest (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003); N. A. Boyd, Wide-Open Town: A History of Queer San Francisco to 1965 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003); S. L. Johnson, “Roaring Camp: The Social World of the California Gold Rush” (New York: W. W. Norton, 2000). ↵
    19. J. N. Katz, The Invention of Heterosexuality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995). ↵
    20. G. Chauncey, “From Sexual Inversion to Homosexuality: The Changing Medical Conceptualization of Female ‘Deviance,’” in Passion and Power: Sexuality in History, ed. K. Peiss and C. Simmons (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990), 87–117; L. Duggan, Sapphic Slashers: Sex, Violence, and American Modernity (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2000); S. Somerville, “Scientific Racism and the Invention of the Homosexual Body,” in Queer Studies: A Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Anthology, ed. B. Beemyn and M. Eliason (New York: New York University Press, 1996), 241–262. ↵
    21. L. Duggan, “The Trials of Alice Mitchell: Sensationalism, Sexology, and the Lesbian Subject in Turn-of-the-Century America, Signs 18, no. 4 (Summer 1993): 795–798. ↵
    22. Chauncey, Gay New York, 16–17; B. Zimmerman, ed., Lesbian Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia (New York: Garland, 2003), 776–777. ↵
    23. Chauncey, Gay New York, 336–337. ↵
    24. A. Bérubé, Coming Out under Fire: The History of Gay Men and Women in World War Two (New York: Free Press,1990), 2, 20–21, 28–29, 201, 227, 228. ↵
    25. Bérubé, Coming Out under Fire; Boyd, Wide-Open Town, 49, 69–81, 111–116; D. Buring, “Softball and Alcohol: The Limits of Lesbian Community in Memphis from the 1940s through the 1960s,” in J. Howard, Carryin’ On in the Lesbian and Gay South, 203–223; J. D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States, 1940–1970, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983); Faderman and Timmons, Gay L.A., 73, 87; E. L. Kennedy and M. D. Davis, Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community (New York: Penguin Books, 1993); M. Meeker, Contacts Desired: Gay and Lesbian Communications and Community, 1940s–1970s (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006); J. T. Sears, Lonely Hunters: An Oral History of Lesbian and Gay Southern Life, 1948–1968 (New York: Westview Press, 1997); M. Stein, City of Brotherly and Sisterly Loves: Lesbian and Gay Philadelphia, 1945–1972 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2004). ↵
    26. M. Canaday, The Straight State: Sexuality and Citizenship in Twentieth-Century America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009); D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities; C. R. Leslie, “Creating Criminals: The Injuries Inflicted by ‘Unenforced’ Sodomy Laws,” Harvard Civil Rights–Civil Liberties Law Review 35 (2000): 103–181; G. B.Lewis, “Lifting the Ban on Gays in the Civil Service: Federal Policy toward Gay and Lesbian Employees since the Cold War,” Public Administration Review 57, no. 5 (1997): 387–395. ↵
    27. K. L. Groves, And They Were Wonderful Teachers: Florida’s Purge of Gay and Lesbian Teachers (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2009); D. K. Johnson, The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004). ↵
    28. K. S. Wisely, “‘When We Go to Deal with City Hall, We Put on a Shirt and Tie’: Gay Rights Movement Done the Dallas Way, 1965–2003” (PhD diss., University of North Texas, Denton, 2018). ↵
    29. D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities, 59–64. ↵
    30. D’Emilio, 63, 65; ellipsis in the original; see also C. Kaiser, The Gay Metropolis: 1940–1996 (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1997), 123. ↵
    31. D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities, 87; M. Gallo, Different Daughters: A History of the Daughters of Bilitis and the Rise of the Lesbian Rights Movement (New York: Carroll and Graf, 2006), 178. ↵
    32. V. Silverman and S. Stryker, dirs., Screaming Queens: The Riot at Compton’s Cafeteria (San Francisco, CA: Frameline, 2005); S. Stryker, Transgender History (Berkeley, CA: Seal, 2008). ↵
    33. D. Carter, Stonewall: The Riots That Sparked the Gay Revolution (New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 2004), 68, 80, 96–103, 124–125, 141, 156; M. Duberman, Stonewall (New York: Plume Books, 1993), 181–193. ↵
    34. L. Truscott IV, “Gay Power Comes to Sheridan Square,” Village Voice, July 3, 1969, http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/eresources/exhibitions/sw25/voice_19690703_truscott.html. ↵
    35. Carter, Stonewall, 245–246. ↵
    36. C. Wittman, “A Gay Manifesto,” in We Are Everywhere: A Historical Sourcebook of Gay and Lesbian Politics, ed. M. Blasius and S. Phelan (New York: Routledge, 1997), 380–384; K. Jay and A. Young, Out of the Closets: Voices of Gay Liberation (New York: New York University Press, 1992); C. A. Pomerleau, “Empowering Members, Not Overpowering Them: The National Organization for Women, Calls for Lesbian Inclusion, and California Influence, 1960s–1980s,” Journal of Homosexuality 57, no. 7 (2010): 842–861. ↵
    37. “DignityUSA History,” DignityUSA, accessed April 11, 2021, http://www.dignityusa.org/history. ↵
    38. E. Eaklor, Queer America: A People’s GLBT History of the United States (New York: New Press, 2008), 136. ↵
    39. H. L. Minton, Departing from Deviance: A History of Homosexual Rights and Emancipatory Science in America(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), 219–236. ↵
    40. Eaklor, Queer America, 150–151. ↵
    41. American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed. (Washington, DC: APA, 1980), s.vv. “gender identity disorder of childhood,” “transsexualism.” ↵
    42. M. Stein, Rethinking the Gay and Lesbian Movement (New York: Routledge, 2012), 133. ↵
    43. Stein, 140–141. ↵
    44. Eaklor, Queer America, 167, 182. ↵
    45. Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003). ↵
    46. Eaklor, Queer America, 132–136. ↵
    47. Combahee River Collective, “A Black Feminist Statement,” in Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism, ed. Z. Eisenstein (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1978), 210. ↵
    48. L. K. Altman, “Rare Cancer Seen in 41 Homosexuals,” New York Times, July 3, 1981. Also see J.-M. Andriote, Victory Deferred: How AIDS Changed Gay Life in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 49; R. Shilts, And the Band Played On: Politics, People, and the AIDS Epidemic (New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 1987), 37, 54–66. ↵
    49. M. Bronski, A Queer History of the United States (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2011), 225; Eaklor, Queer America, 176; Stein, Rethinking the Gay and Lesbian Movement, 143–144. ↵
    50. Eaklor, Queer America, 177; Stein, Rethinking the Gay and Lesbian Movement, 155. ↵
    51. Bronski, Queer History of the United States, 229; Eaklor, Queer America, 180. ↵
    52. Advisory Committee of the People with AIDS, “The Denver Principles,” 1983, accessed April 11, 2021, http://www.actupny.org/documents/Denver.html. ↵
    53. Bronski, Queer History of the United States, 228. ↵
    54. Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986). ↵
    55. Bronski, Queer History of the United States, 231; Stein, Rethinking the Gay and Lesbian Movement, 157. ↵
    56. Eaklor, Queer America, 177; Stein, Rethinking the Gay and Lesbian Movement, 158–163. ↵
    57. Eaklor, Queer America, 177–178. ↵
    58. M. Garber, Vested Interests: Cross-Dressing and Cultural Anxiety (New York: Routledge, 1991); M. Garber, Vice Versa: Bisexuality and Eroticism of Everyday Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995); C. Queen, Exhibitionism for the Shy: Show Off, Dress Up and Talk Hot (New York: Down There Press, 1995); C. Queen, Real Live Nude Girl: Chronicles of Sex-Positive Culture (New York: Cleis Press, 1997); C. Queen and L. Schimel, PoMoSexuals: Challenging Assumptions about Gender and Sexuality (New York: Cleis Press, 1997). ↵
    59. Eaklor, Queer America, 152, 181. ↵
    60. Stein, Rethinking the Gay and Lesbian Movement, 152. ↵
    61. Stein, 153–154. ↵
    62. 10 U.S.C. § 654; H.R. 2965, S. 4023. ↵
    63. Exec. Order No. 13,087, 1998. ↵
    64. H.R. 3355, Pub. L. 103–322. ↵
    65. Baehr v. Miike 910 P.2d 112 (1996). ↵
    66. Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. ___ (2015). ↵
    67. D. Spade, Normal Life: Administrative Violence, Critical Trans Politics, and the Limits of Law (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005); Sylvia Rivera Law Project, “SRLP Announces Non-support of the Gender Employment Non-discrimination Act,” SRLP News, April 6, 2009, https://srlp.org/genda/. ↵
    68. G. Chauncey, Why Marriage? The History Shaping Today’s Debate over Gay Equality (New York: Basic Books, 2004); L. Duggan, “Beyond Marriage: Democracy, Equality, and Kinship for a New Century,” S&F Online 10, nos. 1–2 (Fall 2011–Spring 2012), http://sfonline.barnard.edu/a-new-qu...a-new-century/; M. Warner, The Trouble with Normal: Sex, Politics, and the Ethics of Queer Life (New York: Free Press, 1999). ↵
    69. P. Ettelbrick, “Since When Is Marriage a Path to Liberation?,” Out/Look: National Lesbian and Gay Quarterly 6 (1989): 14–16, https://www.nationalists.org/library/misc/marriage-path-to-liberation.html. ↵
    70. J. N. Katz, “Karl Heinrich Ulrichs and the U.S.,” Outhistory.org, updated July 1, 2020,http://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/...s/katz-ulrichs. ↵
    71. K. H. Ulrichs, “‘Araxes’ (1870),” in We Are Everywhere: A Historical Sourcebook of Gay and Lesbian Politics, ed. M. Blasius and S. Phelan (New York: Routledge, 1997), 63–64. ↵
    72. “Paragraph 175 of the German Imperial Penal Code (1871),” in Blasius and Phelan, We Are Everywhere, 63. ↵
    73. Katz, Invention of Heterosexuality, 52–54. ↵
    74. R. von Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis, with Especial Reference to Contrary Sexual Instinct: A Medico-legal Study, trans. Charles Gilbert Chaddock (F. A. Davis, 1894), https://archive.org/details/sexualinstinctcon00krafuoft. ↵
    75. Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis, 400. ↵
    76. Somerville, “Scientific Racism and the Invention of the Homosexual Body.” ↵
    77. M. Hirschfeld, “Selections from The Transvestites: The Erotic Drive to Cross-Dress,” in The Transgender Studies Reader, ed. S. Stryker and S. Whittle (New York: Routledge, 2006), 149. ↵
    78. M. Hirschfeld, Homosexuality of Men and Women (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2000). ↵
    79. J. Lauritsen and D. Thorstad, The Early Homosexual Rights Movement, 1864–1935 (rev. ed.; Ojai, CA: Times Change Press, 1995), 8. ↵
    80. H. Ellis, Sexual Inversion (London: University Press, 1897). ↵
    81. J. Miller, “The Outcast Redeemer,” Politics and Culture, no. 2 (May 24, 2010), https://politicsandculture.org/2010/05/24/the-outcast-redeemer-2/. ↵
    82. E. Carpenter, “The Intermediate Sex,” in Blasius and Phelan, We Are Everywhere, 114–131. ↵
    83. Hirschfeld, “Selections from The Transvestites.” ↵
    84. I. Bloch, Anthropological Studies in the Strange Sexual Practises of All Races in All Ages, Ancient and Modern, Oriental and Occidental, Primitive and Civilized (New York: AMS Press, 1933). ↵
    85. S. Freud, Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (New York: Basic Books, 2000). ↵
    86. Freud, 2–3. ↵
    87. S. Freud, “The Dissolution of the Oedipus Complex,” in The Freud Reader, ed. P. Gay (New York: W. W. Norton, 1995), 661–665. ↵
    88. Freud, 305. ↵
    89. S. de Beauvoir, The Second Sex, trans. H. M. Parshley (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books, 1949); B. Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (New York: Norton, 1963); K. Millett, Sexual Politics (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1970); S. Firestone, The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution (New York: Morrow, 1970). ↵

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