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5.5: Glossary and Footnotes

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    258601
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    Glossary

    Anti-Violence Project (AVP). A national organization dedicated to reducing violence and its impacts on LGBTQ+ individuals in the United States.

    assimilationist. A political approach that focuses on fixing the system from within, trying hard to fit into the status quo; integrating.

    Bill of Rights. The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution containing specific guarantees of personal freedoms and rights, clear limitations on the government’s power in judicial and other proceedings, and explicit declarations that all powers not specifically granted to the U.S. Congress by the Constitution are reserved for the states or the people.

    chattel. Property that is movable; in terms of slavery, people are treated as the personal property of the person who claims to own them and are bought and sold as commodities.

    Compton’s Cafeteria riot. The Compton’s Cafeteria riot occurred in August 1966 in the Tenderloin district of San Francisco. The incident was one of the first riots concerning LGBTQ+ people in U.S. history, preceding the more famous 1969 Stonewall rebellion in New York City. It marked the beginning of transgender activism in San Francisco.

    coverture. A legal doctrine whereby, upon marriage, a woman’s legal rights and obligations are subsumed by those of her husband.

    Defense of Marriage Act of 1996. A U.S. federal law passed by the 104th Congress and signed into law by President Bill Clinton, defining marriage for federal purposes as the union of one man and one woman. The law allowed states to refuse to recognize same-sex marriages granted under the laws of other states. However, the provisions were ruled unconstitutional or left effectively unenforceable by Supreme Court decisions in the cases of United States v. Windsor (2013) and Obergefell v. Hodges (2015).

    Enforcement Act of 1871. An act of the U.S. Congress that empowered the president to suspend the writ of habeas corpus to combat the Ku Klux Klan and other white supremacist organizations. Also known as the Ku Klux Klan Act.

    federally protected activities. The portion of Section 245 of Title 18 that makes it unlawful to willfully injure, intimidate, or interfere with any person, or to attempt to do so, by force or threat of force, because of that other person’s race, color, religion, or national origin and because of their activity as a student at a public school or college, participant in a state or local government program, job applicant, juror, traveler, or patron of a public place.

    Fourteenth Amendment. Adopted on July 9, 1868, as one of the Reconstruction Amendments, this amendment to the U.S. Constitution addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws and is one of the most litigated parts of the Constitution.

    Ninth Amendment. A part of the Bill of Rights, this amendment addresses rights, retained by the people, that are not specifically enumerated in the Constitution.

    Stonewall rebellion. A series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations by members of the LGBT community against a police raid that began in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City.

    United States v. Harris. In this case, also known as the Ku Klux Case, the U.S. Supreme Court held that it was unconstitutional for the federal government to penalize crimes such as assault and murder. It declared that the local governments have the power to penalize these crimes.

    Footnotes


    1. C. Sears, Arresting Dress: Cross-Dressing, Law, and Fascination in Nineteenth-Century San Francisco (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2015).
    2. C. Mackinnon, Only Words (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996).
    3. U.S. Const. amends. I, V, and VI.
    4. P. Abramson, S. D. Pinkerton, and M. Huppin, Sexual Rights in America: The Ninth Amendment and the Pursuit of Happiness (New York: New York University Press, 2003), 2.
    5. The Law Dictionary, s.v. “What Is Chattel,” accessed March 14, 2022, https://thelawdictionary.org/chattel/.
    6. The Law Dictionary, s.v. “What Is Coverture,” accessed March 14, 2022, https://thelawdictionary.org/coverture/.
    7. Abramson, Pinkerton, and Huppin, Sexual Rights in America.
    8. Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965).
    9. Griswold, 381 U.S. at 492.
    10. U.S. Const. amend. XVI.
    11. Slaughter-House Cases, 83 U.S. 36 (1873).
    12. Palko v. Connecticut, 302 U.S. 319, 325 (1937).
    13. Palko, 302 U.S. at 325.
    14. Griswold, 381 U.S. at 484, 486.
    15. Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973).
    16. Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833 (1992).
    17. Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986).
    18. W. N. Eskridge, Dishonorable Passions: Sodomy Laws in America, 1861–2003 (New York: Penguin, 2008), 232–234.
    19. Bowers 478 U.S. at 192 (quoting) Palko 302 U.S. at 326.
    20. Brown v. Board of Education 347 U.S. 483 (1954); Plessy v. Ferguson 163 U.S. 537 (1896); Bowers, 478 U.S. at 192 (quoting) Griswold, 381 U.S. at 506.
    21. S. McGuigan, “The AIDS Dilemma: Public Health v. Criminal Law,” Law and Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice 4, no. 3 (1986): 545–577.
    22. Several have advocated for the case being known as Lawrence and Garner v. Texas because Tyrone Garner was a copetitioner on the case and a man of color, and not including his name continues the practice of erasing people of color from history. M. Spindelman, “Tyrone Garner’s Lawrence v. Texas,” Michigan Law Review 111, no. 6 (2013), https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1074&context=mlr.
    23. Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003).
    24. Lawrence, 539 U.S. 564.
    25. Lawrence, 539 U.S. 567.
    26. Lawrence, 539 U.S. 575.
    27. D. Bell, J. Binnie, R. Holiday, R. Longhurst, and R. Peace, Pleasure Zones: Bodies, Cities, Spaces (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2011). See also “Getting Rid of Sodomy Laws: History and Strategy That Led to the Lawrence Decision,” ACLU, accessed April 21, 2021, https://www.aclu.org/other/getting-rid-sodomy-laws-history-and-strategy-led-lawrence-decision.
    28. J. E. Muñoz, Cruising Utopia: The Then and There of Queer Futurity (New York: New York University Press, 2009).
    29. Lawrence, 539 U.S. 601.
    30. J. D’Emilio, “Will the Courts Set Us Free? Reflections on the Campaign for Same-Sex Marriage,” in The Politics of Same-Sex Marriage, ed. C. Wilcox and C. A. Rimmerman (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), 39–64.
    31. Baehr v. Miike 910 P.2d 112 (1996); Baehr v. Lewin 74 Haw. 530, 852 P.2d 44 (1993).
    32. Defense of Marriage Act, H.R. 3396, 104th Cong. (1996), § 3.
    33. United States v. Windsor, 570 U.S. 744 (2013); W. N. Eskridge, “How Government Unintentionally Influences Culture (the Case of Same-Sex Marriage),” Northwestern University Law Review 102 (2008): 495–498.
    34. P. Ettelbrick, “Since When Is Marriage a Path to Liberation?,” Out/Look: National Lesbian and Gay Quarterly 6 (1989): 14.
    35. L. Duggan, “Beyond Marriage: Democracy, Equality, and Kinship for a New Century,” Scholar and Feminist Online 10, nos. 1–2 (Fall 2011–Spring 2012), https://sfonline.barnard.edu/a-new-queer-agenda/beyond-marriage-democracy-equality-and-kinship-for-a-new-century/.
    36. Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. 644 at 646 (quoting) U.S. v. Windsor, 570 U.S. 744 at 759.
    37. Obergefell, 576 U.S. at 659.
    38. Obergefell, 576 U.S. at 672.
    39. Obergefell, 576 U.S. at 681.
    40. L. H. Tribe, “Equal Dignity: Speaking Its Name,” Harvard Law Review Forum 129 (2015): 16–32.
    41. E. J. Baia, “Akin to Madmen: A Queer Critique of the Gay Rights Cases,” Virginia Law Review 104 (2018): 1021–1063.
    42. Romer v. Evans, 517 U.S. 620 (1996).
    43. Romer, 517 U.S. at 631–632.
    44. Romer, 517 U.S. at 635.
    45. J. B. Smith, “The Flaws of Rational Basis with Bite: Why the Supreme Court Should Acknowledge Its Application of Heightened Scrutiny to Classifications Based on Sexual Orientation,” Fordham Law Review 73 (2005): 2769–2814.
    46. Boy Scouts of America v. Dale, 530 U.S. 640, 661 (2000).
    47. Masterpiece Cakeshop, Ltd. v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission, 584 U.S. 2 (2018).
    48. S. Ifill, “Symposium: The First Amendment Protects Speech and Religion, Not Discrimination in Public Spaces,” SCOTUSblog, June 5, 2018, https://www.scotusblog.com/2018/06/symposium-the-first-amendment-protects-speech-and-religion-not-discrimination-in-public-spaces/.
    49. Bostock v. Clayton County, Georgia, No. 17-1618 (2020).
    50. Sears, Arresting Dress
    51. Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228, 251 (1989).
    52. R. Blazak, “Isn’t Every Crime a Hate Crime? The Case for Hate Crime Laws,” Sociology Compass 5, no. 4 (2011): 245.
    53. B. Perry, “The Sociology of Hate: Theoretical Approaches,” Hate Crimes, vol. 1, Understanding and Defining Hate Crime, ed. B. Perry et al. (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2009), 56.
    54. C. Turpin-Petrosino, “Historical Lessons: What’s Past May Be Prologue,” in Hate Crimes, vol. 2, ed. B. Perry et al. (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2009), 34.
    55. See chapter 3.
    56. S. Levin, “Compton’s Cafeteria Riot: A Historic Act of Trans Resistance, Three Years before Stonewall,” Guardian, June 21, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2019/jun/21/stonewall-san-francisco-riot-tenderloin-neighborhood-trans-women; Meredith Worthen, “The Stonewall Inn: The People, Place and Lasting Significance of ‘Where Pride Began,’” in Biography, June 21, 2017; updated June 26, 2020, https://www.biography.com/news/stonewall-riots-history-leaders.
    57. Turpin-Petrosino, “Historical Lessons.”
    58. J. Levin and G. Rabrenovic, “Hate as Cultural Justification for Violence,” in Perry et al., Hate Crimes, 1:41–53; B. Perry, “Where Do We Go from Here? Researching Hate Crime,” Internet Journal of Criminology 3 (2003): 45–47.
    59. Levin and Rabrenovic, “Hate as Cultural Justification for Violence”; Perry, “The Sociology of Hate.”
    60. G. M. Herek, “The Social Context of Hate Crimes: Notes on Cultural Heterosexism,” in Hate Crimes: Confronting Violence against Lesbians and Gay Men, ed. Gregory M. Herek and Kevin T. Berrill (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 1992), 89.
    61. Perry, “The Sociology of Hate”; H. J. Alden and K. F. Parker, “Gender Role Ideology, Homophobia and Hate Crime: Linking Attitudes to Macro-Level Anti-gay and Lesbian Hate Crimes,” Deviant Behavior 26 (2005): 321–343; D. P. Green, L. H. McFalls, and J. K. Smith, “Hate Crime: An Emergent Research Agenda,” Annual Review of Sociology 27, no. 1 (2001): 479–504; Herek, “The Social Context of Hate Crimes.”
    62. N. Chakraborti and J. Garland, Hate Crime: Impact, Causes and Responses (London: Sage, 2009), 57–58.
    63. E. Dunbar, “Race, Gender, and Sexual Orientation in Hate Crime Victimization: Identity Politics or Identity Risk?,” Violence and Victims 21, no. 3 (2006): 323–327.
    64. K. T. Berrill, “Anti-gay Violence and Victimization in the United States: An Overview,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 5, no. 3 (1990): 274–294.
    65. K. B. Wolff and C. L. Cokely, “‘To Protect and to Serve?’: An Exploration of Police Conduct in Relation to the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Community,” Sexuality and Culture 11, no. 2 (2007): 15.
    66. J. Lurie and S. P. Chase, The Chase Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2004), 140.
    67. United States v. Harris, 106 U.S. 629 (1883).
    68. V. Jenness and R. Grattet, Making Hate a Crime: From Social Movement to Law Enforcement (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001).
    69. “Reports: Hate Violence Reports,” Anti-Violence Project, accessed December 29, 2021, https://avp.org/reports/.
    70. Perry, “Where Do We Go from Here?”; Hate Crimes Statistics Act:Hearing before the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice of the Committee on the Judiciary, 99th Cong., 1st sess. (1985), https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/jmd/legacy/2013/09/06/hear-137-1985.pdf.
    71. Hate Crime Statistics Act, H.R.1048, 101st Cong. (1989–1990), https://www.congress.gov/bill/101st-congress/house-bill/1048/text.
    72. For an incomplete list of such murders, see Wikipedia, s.v. “List of People Killed for Being Transgender,” last modified April 18, 2021, 07:00, https://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unlawfully_killed_transgender_people.
    73. A. L. Bessel, “Preventing Hate Crimes Without Restricting Constitutionally Protected Speech: Evaluating the Impact of the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act on First Amendment Free Speech Rights,” Journal of Public Law and Policy 31 (2010): 735–775.
    74. B. A. McPhail, “Hating Hate: Policy Implications of Hate Crime Legislation,” Social Service Review 74, no. 4 (2000): 635–653.
    75. Department of Justice, “The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr., Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009,” updated October 18, 2018, http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/crm/matthewshepard.php.
    76. Office of the Press Secretary, White House, “Remarks by the President at Reception Commemorating the Enactment of the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act,” press release, October 28, 2009, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-reception-commemorating-enactment-matthew-shepard-and-james-byrd-.
    77. J. Levin and J. McDevitt, Hate Crimes Revisited: American’s War against Those Who Are Different (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2002).
    78. M. Shively, Study of Literature and Legislation on Hate Crime in America (Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, 2005), ii, https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/210300.pdf.
    79. Movement Advancement Project, “Equality Maps: Hate Crime Laws,” accessed April 22, 2021, https://www.lgbtmap.org/equality-maps/hate_crime_laws.
    80. R. J. Cramer, A. Kehn, C. R. Pennington, H. J. Wechsler, J. W. Clark III, and J. Nagle, “An Examination of Sexual Orientation- and Transgender-Based Hate Crimes in the Post-Matthew Shepard Era,” Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 19, no. 3 (2013): 355–368; Bessel, “Preventing Hate Crimes”; J. Glaser, “Intergroup Bias and Inequity: Legitimizing Beliefs and Policy Attitudes,” Social Justice Research 18 (2005): 257–282; M. Sullaway, “Psychological Perspectives on Hate Crime Laws,” Psychology, Public Policy, and the Law 10 (2004): 250–292.
    81. J. Spade and C. Willse, “Confronting the Limits of Gay Hate Crimes Activism: A Radical Critique,” Chicano-Latino Law Review 21 (2000): 41.
    82. L. Ray and D. Smith, “Racist Offenders and the Politics of ‘Hate Crime,’” Law and Critique 12 (2001): 203–221; G. Mason, “Body Maps: Envisaging Homophobia, Violence and Safety,” Social and Legal Studies 10, no. 1 (2001): 23–44; Perry, “Where Do We Go from Here?”; F. M. Lawrence, Punishing Hate: Bias Crimes under American Law (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999).
    83. McPhail, “Hating Hate,” 637, 645.
    84. I. Meyer, A. Flores, L. Stemple, A. Romero, B. Wilson, and J. Herman, “Incarceration Rates and Traits of Sexual Minorities in the United States: National Inmate Survey, 2011–2012,” American Journal of Public Health 107, no. 2 (2017): 267–273; Center for American Progress and Movement Advancement Project, “Unjust: How the Broken Criminal Justice System Fails LGBT People of Color,” https://www.lgbtmap.org/file/lgbt-criminal-justice-poc.pdf.
    85. M. Bassichis, A. Lee, and D. Spade, “Building an Abolitionist Trans and Queer Movement with Everything We’ve Got,” in Captive Gender: Trans Embodiment and the Prison Industrial Complex, ed. E. Stanley and N. Smith (Baltimore: AK Press, 2011), 17.

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