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6.6: Footnotes

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    258606
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    1. NPR, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, and Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, “Discrimination in America: Experiences and Views of LGBTQ Americans,” 2017, https://cdn1.sph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/94/2017/11/NPR-RWJF-HSPH-Discrimination-LGBTQ-Final-Report.pdf.
    2. G. Allport, The Nature of Prejudice (New York: Addison Wesley, 1954), 9.
    3. J. Dovidio, M. Hewstone, P. Glick, and V. Esses, “Prejudice, Stereotyping and Discrimination: Theoretical and Empirical Overview,” in The SAGE Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping andDiscrimination, ed. J. F. Dovidio, M. Hewstone, and P. Glick (London: SAGE, 2010), 3–28, http://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/54590_dovido,_chapter_1.pdf.
    4. National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and HIV-Affected Hate Violence in 2016 (New York: NCAVP, 2016).
    5. “ADL Hate Crime Map,” n.d., https://www.adl.org/adl-hate-crime-map.
    6. F. S. Pezzella, M. D. Fetzer, and T. Keller, “The Dark Figure of Hate Crime Underreporting,” American Behavioral Scientist, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764218823844; M. M. Wilson, “Hate Crime Victimization, 2004–2012: Statistical Tables,” 2014, http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=4883.
    7. For lower self-esteem, etc., see J. G. Kosciw, N. A. Palmer, R. M. Kull, and E. A. Greytak, “The Effect of Negative School Climate on Academic Outcomes for LGBT Youth and the Role of In-School Supports,” Journal of School Violence 12, no. 1 (2013): 45–63; for feeling less connection, see J. Pearson, C. Muller, and L. Wilkinson, “Adolescent Same-Sex Attraction and Academic Outcomes: The Role of School Attachment and Engagement,” Social Problems 54 (2007): 523–542; and for mental health, see R. B. Toomey, C. Ryan, R. M. Diaz, N. A. Card, and S. T. Russell, “Gender-Nonconforming Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Youth: School Victimization and Young Adult Psychosocial Adjustment,” Developmental Psychology 46 (2010): 1580–1589.
    8. New York State Department of Education, “The Dignity Act,” updated July 20, 2020, http://www.p12.nysed.gov/dignityact/.
    9. New York State Comptroller, “Some NY Schools Not Reporting Bullying or Harassment,” news release, October 13, 2017, https://www.osc.state.ny.us/press/releases/oct17/101317.htm.
    10. It Gets Better Project (website), accessed April 24, 2021, https://itgetsbetter.org.
    11. NPR et al., “Discrimination in America.”
    12. Bostock v. Clayton County, 590 U.S. ___ (2020).
    13. Lambda Legal, “Bostock v. Clayton County, GA / Zarda v. Altitude Express / RG & GR Harris Funeral Homes Inc v. EEOC,” accessed November 21, 2021, https://www.lambdalegal.org/in-court/cases/bostock-zarda-harris.
    14. Movement Advancement Project, “Equality Maps: Healthcare Laws and Policies,” accessed April 24, 2021, https://www.lgbtmap.org/equality-maps/healthcare_laws_and_policies.
    15. S. A. Mirza and C. Rooney, “Discrimination Prevents LGBTQ People from Accessing Health Care,” Center for American Progress, January 18, 2018, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/lgbt/news/2018/01/18/445130/discrimination-prevents-lgbtq-people-accessing-health-care/.
    16. For removal of homosexuality from the American Psychiatric Association list of mental illnesses, see R. Bayer. Homosexuality and American Psychiatry: The Politics of Diagnosis (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981); for the American Psychological Association LGBTQ+ stance, see American Psychological Association, Sexual Orientation and Homosexuality (Washington, DC: APA, 2008), https://www.apa.org/topics/lgbt/orientation; and for the American Academy of Pediatricians statement, see Committee on Adolescence, “Policy Statement: Office-Based Care for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning Youth,” Pediatrics 132, no. 1 (2013): 198–203.
    17. Institutes of Medicine, The Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Patients: Building a Foundation for a Better Understanding (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2011).
    18. For attitudes toward gay men and lesbians and survey answers about employment discrimination, see Gallup, “Gay and Lesbian Rights,” accessed April 24, 2021, https://news.gallup.com/poll/1651/gay-lesbian-rights.aspx; for attitudes toward transgender people, see W. Luhur, T. N. T. Brown, and A. Flores, Public Opinion of Transgender Rights in the US (Los Angeles, CA: Williams Institute, 2017), https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/research/public-opinion-trans-rights-us/. Note that in the 1970s, at the time of the survey, homosexual was widely used to describe gay and lesbian people. However, because of its origins in medical and psychiatric discourse, it is today considered by many to be offensive.
    19. Gallup, “Gay and Lesbian Rights.”
    20. Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed. (1991), s.v. “homophobia.”
    21. G. Weinberg, Society and the Healthy Homosexual (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1972), 4.
    22. R. Ayyar, “George Weinberg: Love Is Conspiratorial, Deviant, and Magical,” GayToday, November 1, 2002, http://gaytoday.com/interview/110102in.asp.
    23. Weinberg, Society and the Healthy Homosexual, 1.
    24. W. Churchill, Homosexual Behavior among Males: A Cross-Cultural and Cross-Species Investigation (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1967).
    25. K. T. Smith, “Homophobia: A Tentative Personality Profile,” Psychological Reports 29 (1971): 1089, 1093.
    26. Smith, 1094.
    27. A. Rich, “Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence,” Signs: A Journal of Women in Culture and Society 5 (1980): 631–660.
    28. G. M. Herek, “The Context of Anti-gay Violence: Notes on Cultural and Psychological Heterosexism,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 5, no. 3 (1990): 316.
    29. C. J. Cohen, “Punks, Bulldaggers, and Welfare Queen: The Radical Potential of Queer Politics?,” in Black Queer Studies, ed. E. P. Johnson and M. G. Henderson (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005); M. Warner, “Introduction: Fear of a Queer Planet” Social Text 29 (1991): 3–17, http://www.jstor.org/stable/466295.
    30. J. H. Gagnon, “The Explicit and Implicit Use of the Scripting Perspective in Sex Research,” Annual Review of Sex Research 1, no. 1 (1990): 1–43; W. Simon and J. H. Gagnon, “Sexual Scripts,” in Culture, Society and Sexuality, ed. R. Parker and P. Aggleton (New York: Routledge, 1984), 31–40.
    31. J. Fortin, “Oklahoma Passes Adoption Law That L.G.B.T. Groups Call Discriminatory,” New York Times, May 12, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/12/us/oklahoma-gay-adoption-bill.html.
    32. K. F. Balsam, Y. Molina, B. Beadnell, J. Simoni, and K. Walters, “Measuring Multiple Minority Stress: The LGBT People of Color Microaggressions Scale,” Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 17, no. 2 (2011): 163, https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023244.
    33. D. W. Sue, C. M. Capodilupo, G. C. Torino, J. M. Bucceri, A. M. B. Holder, K. L. Nadal, and M. Esquilin, “Racial Microaggressions in Everyday Life: Implications for Clinical Practice,” American Psychologist 62, no. 4 (2007): 271–286.
    34. For general negative life events, see B. P. Dohrenwend, Adversity, Stress, and Psychopathology (New York: Oxford University Press); and B. P. Dohrenwend, “The Role of Adversity and Stress in Psychopathology: Some Evidence and Its Implications for Theory and Research,” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 41 (2000): 1–19; and for minority stress, see I. H. Meyer, “Prejudice, Social Stress, and Mental Health in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Populations: Conceptual Issues and Research Evidence,” Psychological Bulletin 129, no. 5 (2003): 674–697.
    35. S. G. Massey, “Valued Differences or Benevolent Stereotypes? Exploring the Influence of Positive Beliefs on Anti-gay and Anti-lesbian Attitudes,” Psychology and Sexuality 1, no. 2 (2010): 115–130.
    36. For internalized homophobia, see I. H. Meyer and L. Dean, “Internalized Homophobia, Intimacy, and Sexual Behavior among Gay and Bisexual Men,” in Stigma and Sexual Orientation: Understanding Prejudice against Lesbians, Gay Men, and Bisexuals (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 1998), 160–186; for community connectedness, see D. M. Frost and I. H. Meyer, “Measuring Community Connectedness among Diverse Sexual Minority Populations,” Journal of Sex Research 49, no. 1 (2012): 36–49; for the transgender survey, see W. O. Bockting, M. H. Miner, R. E. S. Romine, A. Hamilton, and E. Coleman, “Stigma, Mental Health, and Resilience in an Online Sample of the US Transgender Population,” American Journal of Public Health 103, no. 5 (2013): 943–951; and for the survey of LGB adults, see N. Legate, N. Weinstein, W. S. Ryan, C. R. DeHaan, and R. M. Ryan, “Parental Autonomy Support Predicts Lower Internalized Homophobia and Better Psychological Health Indirectly through Lower Shame in Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Adults,” Stigma and Health 4, no. 4 (2019): 367–376.
    37. For aversive racism, see S. L. Gaertner and J. F. Dovidio, “The Aversive Form of Racism,” in Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism, ed. J. F. Dovidio and S. L. Gaertner (Orlando, FL: Academic Press, 1986), 61–89; for new conceptualizations and approaches, see S. L. Gaertner and J. F. Dovidio, “The Subtlety of White Racism, Arousal, and Helping Behavior,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 35, no. 10 (1977): 691–707; P. Glick and S. T. Fiske, “The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating Hostile and Benevolent Sexism,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70, no. 3 (1996): 491–512; I. Katz and R. G. Hass, “Racial Ambivalence and American Value Conflict: Correlational and Priming Studies of Dual Cognitive Structures,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 55 (1988): 893–905; J. B. McConahay, “Modern Racism, Ambivalence, and the Modern Racism Scale,” Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism (Orlando, FL: Academic Press, 1986); D. O. Sears, “Symbolic Racism,” in Eliminating Racism: Profiles in Controversy, ed. I. Katz and S. Taylor (New York: Plenum Press, 1988); J. K. Swim, K. J. Aikin, W. S. Hall, and B. A. Hunter, “Sexism and Racism: Old-Fashioned and Modern Prejudices,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68, no. 2 (1995): 199–214; and F. Tougas, R. Brown, A. M. Beaton, and S. Joly, “Neosexism: Plus ça change, plus c’est pareil,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 21, no. 8 (1995): 842–849; and for attitudes on LGBTQ+ parenting, see S. G. Massey, A. Merriwether, and J. Garcia, “Modern Prejudice and Same-Sex Parenting: Shifting Judgments in Positive and Negative Parenting Situations,” Journal of GLBT Family Studies 9, no. 2 (2013) 129–151.
    38. For anti-LGBTQ+ prejudice correlations and predicted attitudes toward LGBTQ+ people, see G. M. Herek, “Confronting Sexual Stigma and Prejudice: Theory and Practice,” Journal of Social Issues 63, no. 4 (2007): 905–925; for right-wing authoritarianism scores, see B. E. Whitley and S. E. Lee, “The Relationship of Authoritarianism and Related Constructs to Attitudes toward Homosexuality,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 30, no. 1 (2000): 144–170; for supporters of traditional gender roles and values, see G. Herek and K. A. McLemore, “Sexual Prejudice,” Annual Review of Psychology 64 (2013): 309–333; M. P. Callahan and T. K. Vescio, “Core American Values and the Structure of Antigay Prejudice,” Journal of Homosexuality 58 (2011): 248–262; and M. B. Goodman and B. Moradi, “Attitudes and Behaviors toward Lesbian and Gay Persons: Critical Correlates and Mediated Relations,” Journal of Counseling Psychology 55 (2008): 371–384; and for antitrans attitudes, see A. T. Norton and G. M. Herek, “Heterosexuals’ Attitudes toward Transgender People: Findings from a National Probability Sample of US Adults,” Sex Roles: A Journal of Research 68, nos. 11–12 (2013): 738–753.
    39. Norton and Herek, “Heterosexuals’ Attitudes toward Transgender People.”
    40. T. Pettigrew, “Intergroup Contact Theory,” Annual Review of Psychology 49 (1998): 65–85; P. Hill Collins, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (Boston, MA: Unwin Hyman, 1990).
    41. Pettigrew, “Intergroup Contact Theory”; M. Rothbart and O. P. John, “Social Categorization and Behavioral Episodes: A Cognitive Analysis of the Effects of Intergroup Contact,” Journal of Social Issues 41, no. 3 (1985): 81–104.
    42. T. F. Pettigrew and L. R. Tropp, “A Meta-analytic Test of Intergroup Contact Theory,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 (2006): 751–783; Herek and McLemore, “Sexual Prejudice.”
    43. J. Capehart, “From Harvey Milk to 58 Percent,” Washington Post, March 18, 2013, https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-partisan/wp/2013/03/18/from-harvey-milk-to-58-percent/.
    44. For the beneficial effects of coming out, see Michael J. Stirratt, I. H. Meyer, S. C. Ouellette, and M. A. Gara, “Measuring Identity Multiplicity and Intersectionality: Hierarchical Classes Analysis (HICLAS) of Sexual, Racial, and Gender Identities,” Self and Identity 7, no. 1 (2007): 89–111; V. C. Cass, “Homosexual Identity Formation: Testing a Theoretical Model,” Journal of Sex Research 20, no. 2 (1984): 143–167; and R. R. Troiden, “The Formation of Homosexual Identities,” in Gay and Lesbian Youth, ed. G. Herdt (New York: Harrington Park Press, 1989), 43–73; and for the LGBTQ+ minority stress model, see Meyer, “Prejudice, Social Stress, and Mental Health in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Populations.”
    45. For formation of LGBTQ+ rights movements, see J. D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States, 1940–1970 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983); and G. Chauncey, Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940 (New York: Basic Books, 1995); for the contact hypothesis, see G. M. Herek and J. P. Capitanio, “‘Some of My Best Friends’: Intergroup Contact, Concealable Stigma, and Heterosexuals’ Attitudes toward Gay Men and Lesbians,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 22, no. 4 (1996): 412–424; and Allport, Nature of Prejudice; for Harvey Milk, see R. Shiltz, The Mayor of Castro Street (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1982); for role models and positive representatives in media, see GLAAD, GLAAD Media Reference Guide, 10th ed. (New York: GLAAD, 2016), https://www.glaad.org/reference; S. L. Craig, L. McInroy, L. T. McCready, and R. Alaggia, “Media: A Catalyst for Resilience in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Youth,” Journal of LGBT Youth 12, no. 3 (2015): 254–275; and B. Forenza, “Exploring the Affirmative Role of Gay Icons in Coming Out,” Psychology of Popular Media Culture 6, no. 4 (2017): 338–347; for improving social attitudes, see M. Levina, C. R. Waldo, L. F. Fitzgerald, “We’re Here, We’re Queer, We’re on TV: The Effects of Visual Media on Heterosexuals’ Attitudes toward Gay Men and Lesbians,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 30, no. 4 (2000): 738–758; and for allyship, see N. K. Reimer, J. C. Becker, A. Benz, O. Christ, K. Dhont, U. Klocke, S. Neji, et al., “Intergroup Contact and Social Change: Implications of Negative and Positive Contact for Collective Action in Advantaged and Disadvantaged Groups,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 43, no. 1 (2017): 121–136, https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167216676478.
    46. Chauncey, Gay New York; D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities; E. L. Kennedy and M. D. Davis, Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community (New York: Penguin Books, 1993); S. Stryker, Transgender History (Berkeley, CA: Seal Press, 2008).
    47. H. Milk, “The Hope Speech,” June 25, 1978, https://www.speech.almeida.co.uk/harvey-milk.
    48. Meyer, “Prejudice, Social Stress, and Mental Health in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Populations.”
    49. For social stress, see I. H. Meyer, S. Schwartz, and D. M. Frost, “Social Patterning of Stress and Coping: Does Disadvantaged Social Statuses Confer More Stress and Fewer Coping Resources?,” Social Science and Medicine 67, no. 3 (2008): 368–379; and for minority stress, see Meyer, “Prejudice, Social Stress, and Mental Health in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Populations.”
    50. P. M. Ayoub and J. Garretson, “Getting the Message Out: Media Context and Global Changes in Attitudes toward Homosexuality,” Comparative Political Studies 50, no. 8 (2017): 1055–1085; T. Fetner, “US Attitudes toward Lesbian and Gay People Are Better than Ever,” Contexts 15, no. 2 (2016): 20–27.
    51. D. M. Frost and A. J. LeBlanc, “Nonevent Stress Contributes to Mental Health Disparities Based on Sexual Orientation: Evidence from a Personal Projects Analysis,” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 84 (2014): 557–566.
    52. A. J. LeBlanc, D. M. Frost, and K. Bowen, “Legal Marriage, Unequal Recognition, and Mental Health among Same‐Sex Couples,” Journal of Marriage and Family 80, no. 2 (2018): 397–408.
    53. LeBlanc, Frost, and Bowen, “Legal Marriage, Unequal Recognition, and Mental Health among Same‐Sex Couples,” 405; for minority stress, see Meyer, “Prejudice, Social Stress, and Mental Health in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Populations.”
    54. D. M. Frost, “Stigma and Intimacy in Same-Sex Relationships: A Narrative Approach,” Journal of Family Psychology 25, no. 1 (2011): 1–10.
    55. For a review, see S. S. Rostosky and E. D. Riggle, “Same-Sex Relationships and Minority Stress,” Current Opinion in Psychology 13 (2017): 29–38; and for a meta-analysis, see D. M. Doyle and L. Molix, “Social Stigma and Sexual Minorities’ Romantic Relationship Functioning: A Meta-analytic Review,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 41, no. 10 (2015): 1363–1381.
    56. I. H. Meyer and D. M. Frost, “Minority Stress and the Health of Sexual Minorities,” in Handbook of Psychology and Sexual Orientation, ed. C. J. Patterson and A. R. D’Augelli (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), 252–266.

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