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7.7: Footnotes

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    1. Institute of Medicine, The Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People: Building a Foundation for Better Understanding (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2011). 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-1
    2. M. Foucault, The History of Sexuality, vol. 1, An Introduction, trans. R. Hurley (New York: Vintage Books, 1978), 43. 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-2
    3. J.-C. Feray, M. Herzer, and G. W. Peppel, “Homosexual Studies and Politics in the 19th Century: Karl Maria Kertbeny,” Journal of Homosexuality 19 (2010): 23–48. 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-3
    4. R. von Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis. Eine Klinisch-Forensische Studie (Stuttgart, Germany: Ferdinand Enke, 1886). 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-4
    5. D. F. Greenberg, The Construction of Homosexuality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988). 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-5
    6. Greenberg, The Construction of Homosexuality. 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-6
    7. A. C. Kinsey, W. B. Pomeroy, and C. E. Martin, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1948), 638. 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-7
    8. K. Batza, Before AIDS: Gay Health Politics in the 1970s (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018). 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-8
    9. K. Davis, The Making of Our Bodies, Ourselves: How Feminism Travels across Borders (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2007). 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-9
    10. K. Jay and A. Young, eds., After You’re Out: Personal Experiences of Gay Men and Lesbian Women (New York: Links, 1975). 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-10
    11. A. J. Martos, P. A. Wilson, and I. H. Meyer, “Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) Health Services in the United States: Origins, Evolution, and Contemporary Landscape,” PloS One 12, no. 7 (2017): e0180544. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180544. 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-11
    12. J.-M. Andriote, Victory Deferred: How AIDS Changed Gay Life in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999). 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-12
    13. J. J. Meyerowitz, How Sex Changed: A History of Transsexuality in the United States (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002); J. Meyerowitz, “Transforming Sex: Christine Jorgensen in the Postwar U.S.,” OAH Magazine of History 20, no. 2 (2006): 16–20. 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-13
    14. Z. Ford, “Johns Hopkins to Resume Gender-Affirming Surgeries after Nearly 40 Years,” Think Progress, October 18, 2016, https://thinkprogress.org/johns-hopkins-transgender-surgery-5c9c428184c1/. 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-14
    15. C. Tantibanchachai, “Study Suggests Gender-Affirming Surgeries Are on the Rise, Along with Insurance Coverage,” Hub (Johns Hopkins University), February 28, 2018, https://hub.jhu.edu/2018/02/28/gender-affirming-reassignment-surgeries-increase/. 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-15
    16. K. I. Fredriksen-Goldsen, H. J. Kim, S. E. Barkan, A. Muraco, and C. P. Hoy-Ellis, “Health Disparities among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Older Adults: Results from a Population-Based Study,” American Journal of Public Health 103, no. 10 (2013): 1802–1809; Institute of Medicine, The Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People; S. L. Reisner, J. M. White, J. B. Bradford, and M. J. Mimiaga, “Transgender Health Disparities: Comparing Full Cohort and Nested Matched-Pair Study Designs in a Community Health Center,” LGBT Health 1, no. 3 (2014): 177–184; S. T. Russell and J. N. Fish, “Mental Health in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) Youth,” Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 12 (2016): 465–487. 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-16
    17. For childhood, see J. G. Kosciw, N. A. Palmer, and R. M. Kull, “Reflecting Resiliency: Openness about Sexual Orientation and/or Gender Identity and Its Relationship to Well-Being and Educational Outcomes for LGBT Students,” American Journal of Community Psychology 55, nos. 1–2 (2015): 167–178; for young adulthood, see C. Ryan, S. T. Russell, D. Huebner, R. Diaz, and J. Sanchez, “Family Acceptance in Adolescence and the Health of LGBT Young Adults,” Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing 23, no. 4 (2010): 205–213; and R. J. Watson, J. Veale, and E. Saewyc, “Disordered Eating among Transgender Youth: Probability Profiles from Risk and Protective Factors,” International Journal of Eating Disorders 50 (2017): 512–522, https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22627; and for late adulthood, see K. I. Fredriksen-Goldsen, “Promoting Health Equity among LGBT Mid-Life and Older Adults: Revealing How LGBT Mid-Life and Older Adults Can Attain Their Full Health Potential,” Generations 38, no. 4 (2014): 86–92. 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-17
    18. I. H. Meyer, “Prejudice, Social Stress, and Mental Health in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Populations: Conceptual Issues and Research Evidence,” Psychological Bulletin 129, no. 5 (2003): 674–679. 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-18
    19. Institute of Medicine, The Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People. 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-19
    20. Institute of Medicine, The Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People. 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-20
    21. M. C. Parent, C. DeBlaere, and B. Moradi, “Approaches to Research on Intersectionality: Perspectives on Gender, LGBT, and Racial/Ethnic Identities,” Sex Roles 68, nos. 11–12 (2013): 639–645. 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-21
    22. R. J. Watson, C. Wheldon, and R. M. Puhl, “Evidence of Diverse Identities in a Large National Sample of Sexual and Gender Minority Adolescents,” Journal of Research on Adolescence 30 (2020): 431–442, https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12488. 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-22
    23. Institute of Medicine, The Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People. 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-23
    24. See, e.g., R. J. Watson, N. Lewis, J. Fish, C. Goodenow, “Sexual Minority Youth Continue to Smoke Cigarettes Earlier and More Often than Heterosexual Peers: Findings from Population-Based Data,” Drug and Alcohol Dependence 183 (2018): 64–70, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.11.025. 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-24
    25. For family and parent support, see S. Snapp, R. J. Watson, S. T. Russell, R. Diaz, and C. Ryan, “Social Support Networks for LGBT Young Adults: Low Cost Strategies for Positive Adjustment,” Family Relations 64, no. 3 (2015): 420–430, https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12124; for school-based clubs, see V. P. Poteat, J. R. Scheer, R. A. Marx, J. P. Calzo, and H. Yoshikawa, “Gay-Straight Alliances Vary on Dimensions of Youth Socializing and Advocacy: Factors Accounting for Individual and Setting-Level Differences,” American Journal of Community Psychology 55, nos. 3–4 (2015): 422–432; for supportive peers, see R. J. Watson, A. H. Grossman, and S. T. Russell, “Sources of Social Support and Mental Health among LGB Youth,” Youth and Society 51 (2019): 30–48, https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X16660110; and for supportive policies and laws, see M. L. Hatzenbuehler, K. M. Keyes, and D. S. Hasin, “State-Level Policies and Psychiatric Morbidity in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Populations,” American Journal of Public Health 99, no. 12 (2009): 2275–2281. 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-25
    26. For African American men, see V. M. Mays, S. D. Cochran, and A. Zamudio, “HIV Prevention Research: Are We Meeting the Needs of African American Men Who Have Sex with Men?,” Journal of Black Psychology 30, no. 1 (2004): 78–105; for PrEP, see S. A. Golub, K. E. Gamarel, H. J. Rendina, A. Surace, and C. L. Lelutiu-Weinberger, “From Efficacy to Effectiveness: Facilitators and Barriers to PrEP Acceptability and Motivations for Adherence among MSM and Transgender Women in New York City,” AIDS Patient Care and STDs 27, no. 4 (2013): 248–254; for U.S. rates of HIV acquisition, see T. Kirby and M. Thornber-Dunwell, “Uptake of PrEP for HIV Slow among MSM,” Lancet 383, no. 9915 (2014): 399–400; and for other factors, see J. T. Parsons, H. J. Rendina, J. M. Lassiter, T. H. Whitfield, T. J. Starks, and C. Grov, “Uptake of HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) in a National Cohort of Gay and Bisexual Men in the United States: The Motivational PrEP Cascade,” Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 74, no. 3 (2017): 285–292. 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-26
    27. K. Konsenko, L. Rintamaki, S. Raney, and K. Maness, “Transgender Patient Perceptions of Stigma in Health Care Contexts,” Medical Care 46 (2013): 647–653; T. Poteat, D. German, and D. Kerrigan, “Managing Uncertainty: A Grounded Theory of Stigma in Transgender Health Encounters,” Social Science and Medicine 84 (2013): 22–29; A. Radix, C. Lelutiu-Weinberger, and K. Gamarel, “Satisfaction and Healthcare Utilization of Transgender and Gender Non-conforming Individuals in NYC: A Community-Based Participatory Study,” LGBT Health 103, no. 10 (2014): 1820–1829; C. G. Roller, C. Sedlak, and C. B. Drauker, “Navigating the System: How Transgender Individuals Engage in Health Care Services,” Journal of Nursing Scholarship 47 (2015): 417–424; N. Sanchez, J. Sanchez, and A. Danoff, “Health Care Utilization, Barriers to Care, and Hormone Usage among Male-to-Female Transgender Persons in New York City,” American Journal of Public Health 99 (2009): 713–719; J. M. Sevelius, E. Patouhas, J. G. Keatley, and M. O. Johnson, “Barriers and Facilitators to Engagement and Retention in Care among Transgender Women Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus,” Annals of Behavioral Medicine 47, no. 1 (2014): 5–16. 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-27
    28. S. E. James, J. L. Herman, S. Rankin, M. Keisling, L. Mottet, and M. Ana, The Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey (Washington, DC: National Center for Transgender Equality, 2016). 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-28
    29. Institute of Medicine, The Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People; K. J. Zucker and A. A. Lawrence, “Epidemiology of Gender Identity Disorder: Recommendations for the Standards of Care of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health,” International Journal of Transgenderism 11 (2009): 8–18. 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-29
    30. A. R. Flores, J. L. Herman, G. J. Gates, and T. N. T. Brown, How Many Adults Identify as Transgender in the United States? (Los Angeles, CA: Williams Institute, 2016), https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/How-Many-Adults-Identify-as-Transgender-in-the-United-States.pdf. 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-30
    31. E. Coleman, W. Bockting, M. Botzer, P. Cohen-Kettenis, G. DeCuypere, J. Feldman, L. Fraser, et al., “Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender-Nonconforming People, Version 7,” International Journal of Transgenderism 13, no. 4 (2012): 165–232. 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-31
    32. E. Coleman, P. Colgan, and L. Gooren, “Male Cross-Gender Behavior in Myanmar (Burma): A Description of the Acault,” Archives of Sexual Behavior 21, no. 3 (1992): 313–321; S. J. Kessler and W. McKenna, Gender: An Ethnomethodological Approach (New York: Wiley, 1978); A. Wilson, “How We Find Ourselves: Identity Development and Two-Spirit People,” Harvard Educational Review 66 (1996): 303–317. 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-32
    33. P. R. McHugh, “Psychiatric Misadventures,” American Scholar 61 (1992): 497–510. 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-33
    34. Coleman et al., “Standards of Care,” 168. 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-34
    35. N. M. Fisk, “Gender Dysphoria Syndrome—the Conceptualization That Liberalizes Indications for Total Gender Reorientation and Implies a Broadly Based Multi-dimensional Rehabilitative Regimen,” Western Journal of Medicine 120 (1974): 386–391; American Psychological Association, Definitions Related to Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, https://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/sexuality-definitions.pdf. 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-35
    36. WPATH Board of Directors, “WPATH De-Psychopathologisation Statement,” released May 26, 2010, https://www.wpath.org/policies. 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-36
    37. Coleman et al., “Standards of Care,” 187. 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-37
    38. W. Meyer, A. Webb, C. Stuart, J. Finkelstein, B. Lawrence, and P. Walker, “Physical and Hormonal Evaluation of Transsexual Patients: A Longitudinal Study,” Archives of Sexual Behavior 15, no. 2 (1986): 121–138. 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-38
    39. W. J. Meyer III, A. Webb, C. A. Stuart, J. W. Finkelstein, B. Lawrence, and P. A. Walker, “Physical and Hormonal Evaluation of Transsexual Patients: A Longitudinal Study,” Archives of Sexual Behavior 15 (1986): 121–138; V. Tangpricha, S. H. Ducharme, T. W. Barber, and S. R. Chipkin, “Endocrinologic Treatment of Gender Identity Disorders,” Endocrine Practice 9 (2003): 12–21. 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-39
    40. l. m. dickey, D. H. Karasic, and N. G. Sharon, “Mental Health Considerations with Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Clients,” in Guidelines for the Primary and Gender-Affirming Care of Transgender and Gender Nonbinary People, ed. M. B. Deutsch (San Francisco, CA: Center of Excellence for Transgender Health, 2016), https://transcare.ucsf.edu/guidelines/mental-health. 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-40
    41. M. L. Hendricks and R. J. Testa, “A Conceptual Framework for Clinical Work with Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Clients: An Adaptation of the Minority Stress Model,” Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 43 (2012): 460–467; Institute of Medicine, The Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People. 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-41
    42. W. O. Bockting, M. H. Miner, R. E. Swinburne Romine, A. Hamilton, and E. Coleman, “Stigma, Mental Health, and Resilience in an Online Sample of the US Transgender Population,” American Journal of Public Health 103, no. 5 (2013): 943–951. 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-42
    43. For continuing discrimination, see C. Dorsen, “An Integrative Review of Nurse Attitudes towards Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Patients,” Canadian Journal of Nursing Research 44 (2012): 18–43; for lack of culturally inclusive LGBTQ+ communication and care, see K. L. Eckstrand and J. M. Ehrenfeld, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Healthcare: A Clinical Guide to Preventive, Primary, and Specialist Care (New York: Springer, 2016); M. J. Eliason and P. L. Chinn, LGBTQ Cultures: What Health Care Professionals Need to Know about Sexual and Gender Diversity, 3rd ed. (Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2018); J. Landry, “Delivering Culturally Sensitive Care to LGBTQI Patients,” Journal for Nurse Practitioners 13, no. 5 (2017): 342–347; A. S. Keuroghlian, K. L. Ard, and H. J. Makadon, “Advancing Health Equity for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBTQ) People through Sexual Health Education and LGBTQ-Affirming Healthcare Environments,” Sexual Health 14 (2017): 119; F. A. Lim, D. V. Brown, and S. M. Kim, “Addressing Health Care Disparities in the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Population: A Review of Best Practices,” AmericanJournal of Nursing 114 (2014): 24–34, https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NAJ.0000450423.89759.36; and Joint Commission, Advancing Effective Communication, Cultural Competence, and Family- and Patient-Centered Care for the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Community: A Field Guide (Oak Brook, IL: Joint Commission, 2011); and for being invisible and experiencing discrimination, see R. Carabez, M. Pellegrini, A. Mankovitz, M. Eliason, M. Ciano, and M. Scott, “‘Never in All My Years . . .’: Nurses’ Education about LGBT Health,” Journal of Professional Nursing 31 (2015): 323–329; Eckstrand and Ehrenfeld, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Healthcare; and Eliason and Chinn, LGBTQ Cultures. 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-43
    44. For the need for more education, see M. Eliason, S. Dibble, and J. De Joseph, “Nursing’s Silence on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues: The Need for Emancipatory Efforts,” Advances in Nursing Science 33 (2010): 206–218, https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0b013e3181e63e49; and F. Lim, M. Johnson, and M. J. Eliason, “A National Survey of Faculty Knowledge, Experience, and Readiness for Teaching Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health in Baccalaureate Nursing Programs,” Nursing Education Perspectives 36, no. 3 (2015): 144–152, https://doi.org/10.5480/14-1355; for the study of U.S. medical school hours on LGBTQ+ education, see J. Obedin-Maliver, E. S. Goldsmith, L. Stewart, W. White, E. Tran, S. Brenman, M. Wells, et al., “Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender-Related Content in Undergraduate Medical Education,” Journal of the American Medical Association 306 (2011): 971–977, https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1255; for other health provider education programs, see Lim, Johnson, and Eliason, “A National Survey of Faculty Knowledge”; and for lack of understanding of LGBTQ+ inclusive care, see Landry, “Delivering Culturally Sensitive Care to LGBTQI Patients.” 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-44
    45. For the 2022 index, see Human Rights Campaign, “Healthcare Equality Index 2020,” https://www.hrc.org/resources/healthcare-equality-index. 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-45
    46. For the provider directory, see GLMA, “For Patients,” accessed April 26, 2021, http://glma.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=Page.viewPage&pageId=939&grandparentID=534&parentID=938&nodeID=1; practitioners can see GLMA, “For Providers and Researchers,” accessed April 26, 2021, http://www.glma.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=Page.viewPage&pageId=940&grandparentID=534&parentID=534; and for the guidelines, see GLMA, Guidelines for Care of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Patients (San Francisco: GLMA, 2006), http://glma.org/_data/n_0001/resources/live/GLMA%20guidelines%202006%20FINAL.pdf. See also National LGBT Health Education Center, Ten Things: Creating Inclusive Health Care Environments for LGBT People (Boston, MA: Fenway Institute, 2016), https://www.lgbtqiahealtheducation.org/publication/ten-things/; and “LGBTQIA+ Glossary of terms for Health Care Teams,” published 3 February 2020, https://www.lgbtqiahealtheducation.org/publication/lgbtqia-glossary-of-terms-for-health-care-teams/”. 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-46
    47. Institute of Medicine, The Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People. 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-47
    48. For health risks, including cancers, see Institute of Medicine, The Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People; and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Health Considerations for LGBTQ Youth,” updated December 20, 2019, https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/disparities/smy.htm; for silicone use, see C. Bertin, R. Abbas, V. Andrieu, F. Michard, C. Rioux, V. Descamps, Y. Yazdanpanah, et al., “Illicit Massive Silicone Injections Always Induce Chronic and Definitive Silicone Blood Diffusion with Dermatologic Complications,” Medicine 98, no. 4 (2019), e14143. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000014143; and for prostate, anal, and colon cancer, see U. Boehmer, A. Ozonoff, and M. Xiaopeng, “An Ecological Analysis of Colorectal Cancer Incidence and Mortality: Differences by Sexual Orientation,” BMC Cancer 11 (2011): 400. 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-48
    49. F. O. Buchting, L. Margolies, M. G. Bare, D. Bruessow, E. C. Díaz-Toro, C. Kamen, L. S. Ka‘opua, et al., “LGBT Best and Promising Practices throughout the Cancer Continuum,” 2016, https://moqc.org/wp-content/uploads/LGBT-HealthLink-Best-and-Promising-Practices-Throught-the-Cancer-Contiuum.pdf. 4.02: Chapter 7- LGBTQ Health and Wellness#return-footnote-107-49

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