3.2.1: Types of Mis/Disinformation
- Page ID
- 271047
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In an information environment shaped by pervasive algorithms, the attention economy, engagement, and polarization, how do we determine truth? How do we know which sources of information to trust? These questions are becoming increasingly difficult to answer, and even more so as “disinformation that is designed to provoke an emotional reaction can flourish in these spaces” (Wardle).
“We tend to think that we have rational relationships to information, but we don’t. We have emotional relationships to information, which is why the most effective disinformation draws on our underlying fears and worldviews….We’re less likely to be critical of information that reinforces our worldview or taps into our deep-seated emotional responses” (Wardle, qtd. in Vongkiatkajorn; emphasis added).
Types of Misinformation, Disinformation, and Malinformation
Claire Wardle, a world-renowned expert in this field, has used "information disorder" as an umbrella term for the various types of false, misleading, manipulated, or deceptive information we have seen flourish in recent years. She also created an essential glossary for information disorder (2018), with definitions for related words and phrases. For example, you will find helpful definitions for terms like algorithm, bots, data mining, deepfakes, doxing, sock puppet, and trolling.
The graphic below illustrates the scale and range of intent behind false information, from unintentionally inaccurate to deliberately deceptive and harmful. For a much more detailed explanation of each form of information disorder, from “satire” to “fabricated content” to “false context,” see First Draft’s Essential Guide to Understanding Information Disorder (Wardle, 2019).
Sources
Image: 3 types of information disorder graphic by Claire Wardle & Hossein Derakshan is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 3.0
Image: Cognition and emotion by ElisaRiva on Pixabay
Vongkiatkajorn, Kanyakrit. “Here’s How You Can Fight Back Against Disinformation.” Mother Jones, 9. Aug. 2018.
Wardle, C. (2018, July 9). Information disorder, part 1: The essential clossary. First Draft.
Wardle, C. (2019, Oct). First Draft’s essential guide to understanding information disorder. First Draft. Licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0