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10.17: References

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    324948
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    Alexander, Michelle, 2010. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age ofColorblindness. New York: The New Press.

    Becker, Howard S. 1963. Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. New York: Free Press.

    Cloward, Richard A. and Lloyd E. Ohlin. 1960. Delinquency and Opportunity: A Theory of Delinquent Gangs. New York: Free Press.

    Durkheim, Émile. (1895) 1962. The Rules of Sociological Method. Translated by Sarah A. Solovay and John H. Mueller. New York: Free Press.

    Merton, Robert K. 1938. “Social Structure and Anomie.” American Sociological Review 3(5):672d–682.

    Mills, C. Wright. 1956. The Power Elite. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Pew Research Center. 2023. “Racial Disparities Exist in Many U.S. Jails.” Retrieved July 10, 2025. (https://www.Pew Research Center.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2023/05/racial-disparities-persist-in-many-us-jails.)

    Prison Policy Initiative. n.d. “Racial and Ethnic Disparities: Research and Statistics on Racial Ethnic Disparities in the Criminal Legal System.” Retrieved June 12, 2025. (https://www.prisonpolicy.org/researc...c_disparities/).

    Sampson, Robert J., and Byron W. Groves. 1989. “Community Structure and Crime: Testing Social-Disorganization Theory.” American Journal of Sociology 94(4):774–802.

    Ulmer, Jeffery T., Casey T. Harris, Darryl Steffensmeier. 2012. “Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Structural Disadvantage and Crime: White, Black, and Hispanic Comparisons. 93(3): 799-819.


    10.17: References is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts.

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