5.5: Key Terms
- Page ID
- 332739
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)| Words (or words that have the same definition) | The definition is case sensitive | (Optional) Image to display with the definition [Not displayed in Glossary, only in pop-up on pages] | (Optional) Caption for Image | (Optional) External or Internal Link | (Optional) Source for Definition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Eg. "Genetic, Hereditary, DNA ...") | (Eg. "Relating to genes or heredity") |  |
The infamous double helix | https://bio.libretexts.org/ | CC-BY-SA; Delmar Larsen |
| Word(s) | Definition | Image | Caption | Link | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aggregate | a collection of people who exist in the same place at the same time, but who don’t interact or share a sense of identity | ||||
| authoritarian leader | a leader who issues orders and assigns tasks | ||||
| bureaucracies | formal organizations characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules, and impersonality. | ||||
| category | people who share similar characteristics but who are not connected in any way | ||||
| clear division of labor | the fact that each individual in a bureaucracy has a specialized task to perform | ||||
| coercive organizations | organizations that people do not voluntarily join, such as prison or a mental hospital | ||||
| conformity | the extent to which an individual complies with group or societal norms | ||||
| democratic leader | a leader who encourages group participation and consensus-building before moving into action | ||||
| dyad | a two-member group | ||||
| explicit rules | the types of rules in a bureaucracy; rules that are outlined, recorded, and standardized | ||||
| expressive function | a group function that serves an emotional need | ||||
| expressive leader | a leader who is concerned with process and with ensuring everyone’s emotional wellbeing | ||||
| formal organizations | large, impersonal organizations | ||||
| group | any collection of at least two people who interact with some frequency and who share some sense of aligned identity | ||||
| hierarchy of authority | a clear chain of command found in a bureaucracy | ||||
| impersonality | the removal of personal feelings from a professional situation | ||||
| in-group | a group a person belongs to and feels is an integral part of his identity | ||||
| instrumental function | being oriented toward a task or goal | ||||
| instrumental leader | a leader who is goal oriented with a primary focus on accomplishing tasks | ||||
| Iron Rule of Oligarchy | the theory that an organization is ruled by a few elites rather than through collaboration | ||||
| laissez-faire leader | a hands-off leader who allows members of the group to make their own decisions | ||||
| leadership function | the main focus or goal of a leader | ||||
| leadership style | the style a leader uses to achieve goals or elicit action from group members | ||||
| McDonaldization of Society | the increasing presence of the fast food business model in common social institutions | ||||
| meritocracy | a bureaucracy where membership and advancement is based on merit—proven and documented skills | ||||
| normative or voluntary organizations | organizations that people join to pursue shared interests or because they provide some intangible rewards | ||||
| out-group | a group that an individual is not a member of, and may even compete with | ||||
| primary groups | small, informal groups of people who are closest to us | ||||
| reference groups | groups to which an individual compares herself | ||||
| secondary groups | larger and more impersonal groups that are task-focused and time limited | ||||
| total institution | an organization in which participants live a controlled lifestyle and in which total resocialization occurs | ||||
| triad | a three-member group | ||||
| utilitarian organizations | organizations that are joined to fill a specific material need |