4.15: Key Terms
- Page ID
- 307740
This page is a draft and is under active development.
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Key Terms
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Positive Peace Presence of justice, equality, and cooperation beyond mere absence of war.
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Restorative Justice Repairing harm through dialogue and restitution rather than punishment.
- Intersectionality Interconnected nature of social categorizations producing overlapping discrimination.
- Digital Authoritarianism Use of technology for surveillance and control by governments.
- Economic Democracy Extension of participatory decision-making to workplaces and markets.
- Subaltern Cosmopolitanism Global solidarity emerging from marginalized communities.
- Environmental Peacebuilding Using ecological cooperation to reduce conflict.
- Deliberative Democracy Public reasoning through inclusive dialogue to reach collective decisions.
- Democracy (Expanded Definition) A system of governance in which power is exercised by the people, not only through elections but through ongoing participation, deliberation, and accountability across political, social, and economic domains.
- Polyarchy Dahl’s concept describing real-world democracies as imperfect systems combining contestation and inclusion rather than idealized full democracy.
- Deliberative Democracy A model emphasizing reasoned dialogue, mutual justification, and inclusive discussion as the foundation of legitimate decision-making (Habermas).
- Participatory Democracy An approach prioritizing direct citizen involvement in governance processes, enhancing civic capacity and democratic legitimacy.
- Democratic Backsliding The gradual erosion of democratic institutions, norms, and practices, often through legal and incremental means rather than abrupt regime change.
- Executive Aggrandizement A form of backsliding in which elected leaders expand their power by weakening checks and balances (Bermeo).
- Populism A political logic framing society as divided between a “pure people” and a “corrupt elite,” often used to justify anti-pluralist governance.
- Positive Peace The presence of social justice, equality, and institutional stability, beyond merely the absence of violence (Galtung).
- Restorative Justice An approach to justice focused on repairing harm through dialogue, accountability, and reconciliation rather than punishment.
- Intersectionality A framework analyzing how overlapping identities (race, gender, class, etc.) produce complex and interconnected forms of inequality (Crenshaw).
- Digital Authoritarianism The use of digital technologies by states to monitor, control, and suppress populations.
- Surveillance Capitalism An economic system based on the extraction and monetization of personal data to predict and influence behavior (Zuboff).
- Algorithmic Bias Systematic and unfair discrimination embedded in automated decision-making systems due to biased data or design.
- Transnational Publics Spaces of political discourse and participation that extend beyond national boundaries (Fraser).
- Subaltern Cosmopolitanism Global solidarity emerging from marginalized communities, challenging dominant power structures (de Sousa Santos).
- Civic Capacity The knowledge, skills, and networks that enable individuals and communities to participate effectively in democratic processes.