Glossary

Last updated
Save as PDF

Page ID: 75856

\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\)

Example and Directions
Words (or words that have the same definition)	The definition is case sensitive	(Optional) Image to display with the definition [Not displayed in Glossary, only in pop-up on pages]	(Optional) Caption for Image	(Optional) External or Internal Link	(Optional) Source for Definition
(Eg. "Genetic, Hereditary, DNA ...")	(Eg. "Relating to genes or heredity")		The infamous double helix	https://bio.libretexts.org/	CC-BY-SA; Delmar Larsen

Glossary Entries
Word(s)	Definition	Image	Caption	Link	Source
“regeneration of the organs of belief”	A tendency to forget past slights or difficulties caused by someone else and to resume trusting the person.
Acculturation	The transition to living abroad.
Achievement norms	Norms which the group sets for the nature and amount of its work.
Action-oriented listeners	Listening which focuses on accomplishing group tasks.
active listening	Focusing your attention on the message you are hearing, without distractions or interruptions.
active listening	Focusing your attention on the message you are hearing, without distractions or interruptions.
ad hoc actions	Behaviors of a group which were not mandated when the group originated but which respond to specific unanticipated circumstances.
ad hoc actions	Behaviors of a group which were not mandated when the group originated but which respond to specific unanticipated circumstances.
adjourning stage	Time when group members leave the group.
Affect displays	An expression of emotion or mood.
agenda	A specific written plan describing the purpose and contents of a meeting.
agenda	A specific written plan describing the purpose and contents of a meeting.
analysis paralysis	An overload of information beyond what is needed, leading to an inability to make a decision.
anarchy	Political state in which there is no government.
appointed leader	Individual designated by an authority to serve in the leadership capacity.
artifacts	Nonverbal representations of communication.
Artifacts	Forms of decorative ornamentation that are chosen to represent self-concept.
Assessment	A variety of feedback which expresses judgment about the value, significance, or merit of someone else’s nature or behavior.
assume similarity	Thinking that people are all basically similar.
assume similarity	Thinking that people are all basically similar.
asynchronous	Exchange of messages by senders and recipients who do not reach each other or generate responses immediately.
asynchronous	Exchange of messages by senders and recipients who do not reach each other or generate responses immediately.
Attribution theory	A process theory of motivation holding that that people are motivated according to what they believe underlies other people’s actions and attitudes.
Attribution theory	A process theory of motivation holding that that people are motivated according to what they believe underlies other people’s actions and attitudes.
autocratic leader	Self-directed leader who establishes norms and conduct for the group.
autocratic leader	Self-directed leader who establishes norms and conduct for the group.
autocratic leadership	A style of leadership in which group members are strictly controlled, monitored, and commanded by the leader.
autocratic leadership	A style of leadership in which group members are strictly controlled, monitored, and commanded by the leader.
avoiding style	According to Rahim, Antonioni, and Psenicka, a practice of sidestepping areas of conflict, passing the buck, or withdrawing from conflict entirely.
avoiding style	According to Rahim, Antonioni, and Psenicka, a practice of sidestepping areas of conflict, passing the buck, or withdrawing from conflict entirely.
Behaviorism	A process theory of motivation which states that people’s actions depend solely on the consequences of those actions.
Behaviorism	A process theory of motivation which states that people’s actions depend solely on the consequences of those actions.
benchmarks	Qualitative or quantitative descriptions of a group’s initial conditions to be used later for comparative purposes.
benchmarks	Qualitative or quantitative descriptions of a group’s initial conditions to be used later for comparative purposes.
bisociation	According to Arthur Koestler, the essence of the creative process, whereby previously unconnected ideas fuse into something new.
bisociation	According to Arthur Koestler, the essence of the creative process, whereby previously unconnected ideas fuse into something new.
brainstorming	A group decision-making tool in which members generate as many creative ideas as possible before assessing them.
brainstorming	A group decision-making tool in which members generate as many creative ideas as possible before assessing them.
breakpoint stage	Characterized by turns in the conversation that regulate interaction, from an actual break in the discussion like a coffee break to a shift in the conversation to something they all have in common, like participation in a softball league.
breakpoint stage	Characterized by turns in the conversation that regulate interaction, from an actual break in the discussion like a coffee break to a shift in the conversation to something they all have in common, like participation in a softball league.
cancer model	A view which conceives of any conflict as being inevitably expanding, pernicious, and destructive.
cancer model	A view which conceives of any conflict as being inevitably expanding, pernicious, and destructive.
Centralized rule	Political system where power is concentrated, such as dictatorship, communism, or theocracy.
Centralized rule	Political system where power is concentrated, such as dictatorship, communism, or theocracy.
channel	The way in which a message or messages travel between source and receiver.
channel	The way in which a message or messages travel between source and receiver.
Chronemics	The study of how we refer to and perceive time.
Chronemics	The study of how we refer to and perceive time.
circadian rhythm	A biological process which displays a recurrent pattern each 24 hours.
circadian rhythm	A biological process which displays a recurrent pattern each 24 hours.
clear message format	According to Adler and Towne, a five-step process of transmitting assertive messages in a conflict.
clear message format	According to Adler and Towne, a five-step process of transmitting assertive messages in a conflict.
cliché	A once-clever word or phrase that has lost its impact through overuse.
cliché	A once-clever word or phrase that has lost its impact through overuse.
closure stage	Features statements of agreement and support for the result, action, or outcome.
closure stage	Features statements of agreement and support for the result, action, or outcome.
code-switching	The practice among bilingual speakers of mixing expressions from one language into their communication in another.
code-switching	The practice among bilingual speakers of mixing expressions from one language into their communication in another.
coliberation	According to Bernard DeKoven, who coined the term, a process whereby group members free one another to work joyfully and creatively toward a common purpose.
coliberation	According to Bernard DeKoven, who coined the term, a process whereby group members free one another to work joyfully and creatively toward a common purpose.
Collaboration	Joint expenditure of energy by two or more people in pursuit of a shared goal or aim.
Collaboration	Joint expenditure of energy by two or more people in pursuit of a shared goal or aim.
common law	Legal system in which the judge interprets the law and considers the concept of precedent, or previous decisions.
common law	Legal system in which the judge interprets the law and considers the concept of precedent, or previous decisions.
Communication	The process of understanding and sharing meaning.
Communication	The process of understanding and sharing meaning.
community	A physical or virtual space where people seeking interaction and shared interest come together to pursue their mutual goals, objectives, and shared values
community	A physical or virtual space where people seeking interaction and shared interest come together to pursue their mutual goals, objectives, and shared values
compromising style	According to Rahim, Antonioni, and Psenicka, an approach to conflict characterized by mutual sacrifice in the pursuit of outcomes that all members of a group can accept.
compromising style	According to Rahim, Antonioni, and Psenicka, an approach to conflict characterized by mutual sacrifice in the pursuit of outcomes that all members of a group can accept.
conflict	An expressed struggle between interdependent parties over goals which they perceive as incompatible or resources which they perceive to be insufficient.
conflict	An expressed struggle between interdependent parties over goals which they perceive as incompatible or resources which they perceive to be insufficient.
Conflicts of misperceived differences	Conflicts which arise when people interpret each other’s actions or emotions erroneously.
Conflicts of misperceived differences	Conflicts which arise when people interpret each other’s actions or emotions erroneously.
Conflicts of process	Conflicts over how to reach goals or pursue values which members of a group share. Also known as “task conflicts.”
Conflicts of process	Conflicts over how to reach goals or pursue values which members of a group share. Also known as “task conflicts.”
conflicts of substance	Conflicts which rest on differing views of the facts and which relate to questions about what choices to make in a given situation. Also known as intrinsic conflicts.
conflicts of substance	Conflicts which rest on differing views of the facts and which relate to questions about what choices to make in a given situation. Also known as intrinsic conflicts.
Conflicts of value	Conflicts in which various parties either hold totally different values or rank the same values in a significantly different order.
Conflicts of value	Conflicts in which various parties either hold totally different values or rank the same values in a significantly different order.
connotative meaning	A meaning not often found in the dictionary but in the community of users; it can involve an emotional association, and can be individual or collective, but is not universal.
connotative meaning	A meaning not often found in the dictionary but in the community of users; it can involve an emotional association, and can be individual or collective, but is not universal.
constructivist	Model of communication focusing on the negotiated meaning, or common ground, when trying to describe communication.
constructivist	Model of communication focusing on the negotiated meaning, or common ground, when trying to describe communication.
content communities	A group of people who create, store, and make available text, images, or other digital data on line—e.g., video recordings on YouTube.
content communities	A group of people who create, store, and make available text, images, or other digital data on line—e.g., video recordings on YouTube.
Content-oriented listeners	Listening directed toward specifics and factual elements of a discussion.
Content-oriented listeners	Listening directed toward specifics and factual elements of a discussion.
context	Involves the setting, scene, and expectations of the individuals involved.
context	Involves the setting, scene, and expectations of the individuals involved.
Contextual rules	Govern meaning and word choice according to context and social custom.
Contextual rules	Govern meaning and word choice according to context and social custom.
cost/benefit analysis	Method of ranking each possible solution according to its probable impact.
cost/benefit analysis	Method of ranking each possible solution according to its probable impact.
counterfeit questions	A belligerent statement which appears superficially to be a question because its end with a question mark.
counterfeit questions	A belligerent statement which appears superficially to be a question because its end with a question mark.
crazymaking	George Bach’s term for passive aggression.
crazymaking	George Bach’s term for passive aggression.
crisis communication plan	The prepared scenario document that organizes information into responsibilities and lines of communication prior to an event.
crisis communication plan	The prepared scenario document that organizes information into responsibilities and lines of communication prior to an event.
critical theories paradigm	A set of theories which seeks to identify how oppression is exerted through communication and then to alter that process for the good of those oppressed.
critical theories paradigm	A set of theories which seeks to identify how oppression is exerted through communication and then to alter that process for the good of those oppressed.
decision-making	The process of choosing among options and arriving at a position, judgment, or action.
decision-making	The process of choosing among options and arriving at a position, judgment, or action.
deckplate leadership	An effective leader has to be on the deck of the ship, interacting and learning what are the challenges, strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities present, emphasizing both task orientation and relationships.
deckplate leadership	An effective leader has to be on the deck of the ship, interacting and learning what are the challenges, strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities present, emphasizing both task orientation and relationships.
Defensive listening	Interpreting much or most of another person’s statements as personal attacks.
Defensive listening	Interpreting much or most of another person’s statements as personal attacks.
delegator	A leader who seeks to prevent or manage conflict by transferring responsibility for some of his/her tasks to others in a group or organization.
delegator	A leader who seeks to prevent or manage conflict by transferring responsibility for some of his/her tasks to others in a group or organization.
deliberative assembly	Any formal group which considers options and reaches decisions.
deliberative assembly	Any formal group which considers options and reaches decisions.
Democracy	Political system or form of government that promotes the involvement of the individual.
Democracy	Political system or form of government that promotes the involvement of the individual.
democratic leader	Individual elected by a group to serve as its leader.
democratic leader	Individual elected by a group to serve as its leader.
democratic leadership	A style of leadership in which the leader distributes responsibility and shares power with group members.
democratic leadership	A style of leadership in which the leader distributes responsibility and shares power with group members.
Democrats	According to William Schutz, an individual who gathers and shares information in a balanced fashion to acquire a sense of control as part of a group.
Democrats	According to William Schutz, an individual who gathers and shares information in a balanced fashion to acquire a sense of control as part of a group.
Democrats	People who share the need for control between the individual and the group.
Democrats	People who share the need for control between the individual and the group.
Deniability	The capacity of a theory to be disproven in light of evidence.
Deniability	The capacity of a theory to be disproven in light of evidence.
deviate	Someone who differs in some important way from the rest of a group.
deviate	Someone who differs in some important way from the rest of a group.
deviates	Someone who differs in some important way from the rest of a group.
deviates	Someone who differs in some important way from the rest of a group.
dialogic listening	Stewart and Thomas’s name for ideal listening behavior, including four active, empathetic qualities.
dialogic listening	Stewart and Thomas’s name for ideal listening behavior, including four active, empathetic qualities.
Direct aggression	According to Adler and Rodman, a conflict style involving willful verbal or nonverbal attacks on other people.
Direct aggression	According to Adler and Rodman, a conflict style involving willful verbal or nonverbal attacks on other people.
dominating style	According to Rahim, Antonioni, and Psenicka, a win-lose approach to conflict in which one tries to compel others to accept one’s position.
dominating style	According to Rahim, Antonioni, and Psenicka, a win-lose approach to conflict in which one tries to compel others to accept one’s position.
Doublespeak	The deliberate use of words to disguise, obscure, or change meaning.
Doublespeak	The deliberate use of words to disguise, obscure, or change meaning.
dyadic effect	The expectation that when we reveal something about ourselves, others will reciprocate.
dyadic effect	The expectation that when we reveal something about ourselves, others will reciprocate.
ego investment	Personal, emotional commitment to an idea or course of action in a conflict.
ego investment	Personal, emotional commitment to an idea or course of action in a conflict.
emblem	Nonverbal gesture that carries a specific meaning, and can replace or reinforce words.
emblem	Nonverbal gesture that carries a specific meaning, and can replace or reinforce words.
emergent leader	Individual who grows into the leadership role, often out of necessity.
emergent leader	Individual who grows into the leadership role, often out of necessity.
Empathetic listening	Listening to both the literal and implied meanings within a message.
Empathetic listening	Listening to both the literal and implied meanings within a message.
empirical laws paradigm	A set of theories based on the conviction that universal laws govern human interaction.
empirical laws paradigm	A set of theories based on the conviction that universal laws govern human interaction.
environment	The atmosphere, physical and psychological, where you send and receive messages.
environment	The atmosphere, physical and psychological, where you send and receive messages.
Environment	Involves the physical and psychological aspects of the communication context.
Environment	Involves the physical and psychological aspects of the communication context.
equilibristic	Capable of balancing differing and sometimes conflicting forces so as to maintain continuous movement in a chosen direction.
equilibristic	Capable of balancing differing and sometimes conflicting forces so as to maintain continuous movement in a chosen direction.
escalatory spiral	A process which reinforces itself and thereby continually increases in intensity.
escalatory spiral	A process which reinforces itself and thereby continually increases in intensity.
Ethnocentrism	The tendency to view other cultures as inferior to one’s own.
Ethnocentrism	The tendency to view other cultures as inferior to one’s own.
euphemism	Involves substituting an acceptable word for an offensive, controversial, or unacceptable one that conveys the same or similar meaning.
euphemism	Involves substituting an acceptable word for an offensive, controversial, or unacceptable one that conveys the same or similar meaning.
ex-member	Individual who no longer belongs to a group.
ex-member	Individual who no longer belongs to a group.
ex-member	Individual who no longer belongs to a group.
ex-member	Individual who no longer belongs to a group.
Expectancy theory	Victor Vroom’s process theory of motivation, which contends that people are motivated to behave based on whether they believe a reward will ensue, whether the reward appeals to them, and whether they believe they can earn the reward.
Expectancy theory	Victor Vroom’s process theory of motivation, which contends that people are motivated to behave based on whether they believe a reward will ensue, whether the reward appeals to them, and whether they believe they can earn the reward.
explicit norms	Norms expressed overtly in written or oral form.
explicit norms	Norms expressed overtly in written or oral form.
Face-saving strategies	Messages or statements that protect credibility and separate message from messenger.
Face-saving strategies	Messages or statements that protect credibility and separate message from messenger.
Face-value listening	Paying considerable attention to terminology in a speaker’s message but little attention to intentions or feelings.
Face-value listening	Paying considerable attention to terminology in a speaker’s message but little attention to intentions or feelings.
Feedback	Messages the receiver sends back to the source.
Feedback	Messages the receiver sends back to the source.
Feedback	Communication with another person or persons in response to a message or with respect to an impression you have of the person(s).
Feedback	Communication with another person or persons in response to a message or with respect to an impression you have of the person(s).
Formative assessment	Judgment concerning a process which is conducted before it is completed.
Formative assessment	Judgment concerning a process which is conducted before it is completed.
friction model	A view of conflict which conceives of it as a natural and manageable by-product of any group’s activities.
friction model	A view of conflict which conceives of it as a natural and manageable by-product of any group’s activities.
Full members	Individual who is a known quantity, is familiar with the group’s norms, and feels free to express opinions.
Full members	Individual who is a known quantity, is familiar with the group’s norms, and feels free to express opinions.
Full members	Individual who is a known quantity, is familiar with the group’s norms, and feels free to express opinions.
Full members	Individual who is a known quantity, is familiar with the group’s norms, and feels free to express opinions.
functional leadership	Leadership that focused on behaviors that address needs and help the group achieve its goals.
functional leadership	Leadership that focused on behaviors that address needs and help the group achieve its goals.
global village	Characterized by information and transportation technologies that reduce the time and space required to interact.
global village	Characterized by information and transportation technologies that reduce the time and space required to interact.
Goal theory	A process theory of motivation comprising seven steps whereby people act to identify and pursue goals.
Goal theory	A process theory of motivation comprising seven steps whereby people act to identify and pursue goals.
group	Three or more individuals who affiliate, interact or cooperate in a familial, social, or work context.
group	Three or more individuals who affiliate, interact or cooperate in a familial, social, or work context.
Group communication	A dynamic process where a small number of people engage in a conversation.
Group communication	A dynamic process where a small number of people engage in a conversation.
Group communication	The exchange of information with those who are alike culturally, linguistically, and/or geographically.
Group communication	The exchange of information with those who are alike culturally, linguistically, and/or geographically.
group facilitation	In groups, to make work easier or less difficult; to help bring about growth.
group facilitation	In groups, to make work easier or less difficult; to help bring about growth.
Group norms	Customs, standards, and behavioral expectations that emerge as a group forms.
Group norms	Customs, standards, and behavioral expectations that emerge as a group forms.
Group norms	Rules or guidelines that reflect expectations of how group members should act and interact.
Group norms	Rules or guidelines that reflect expectations of how group members should act and interact.
Group socialization	The development of interpersonal relationships within a group context.
Group socialization	The development of interpersonal relationships within a group context.
Groupthink	A unified view or approach adopted by a group which may arise out of members' desire to conform and be approved of, and which members resist giving up even when presented with reasonable opposing evidence.
Groupthink	A unified view or approach adopted by a group which may arise out of members' desire to conform and be approved of, and which members resist giving up even when presented with reasonable opposing evidence.
Groupthink	Tendency to accept the group’s ideas and actions in spite of individual concerns.
Groupthink	Tendency to accept the group’s ideas and actions in spite of individual concerns.
gunnysacking	The imaginary bag we all carry, into which we place unresolved conflicts or grievances over time.
gunnysacking	The imaginary bag we all carry, into which we place unresolved conflicts or grievances over time.
haptics	Touch in communication interaction.
haptics	Touch in communication interaction.
homeostasis	A state of balance or equilibrium within a system or group.
homeostasis	A state of balance or equilibrium within a system or group.
human rules paradigm	A set of theories based on the idea that human beings purposefully construct and then follow rules for their interactions.
human rules paradigm	A set of theories based on the idea that human beings purposefully construct and then follow rules for their interactions.
HURIER model	A model of the listening process comprising hearing, understanding, remembering, interpreting, evaluating, and responding.
HURIER model	A model of the listening process comprising hearing, understanding, remembering, interpreting, evaluating, and responding.
Hygienes	In Herzberg’s two-factor theory, factors which don’t create satisfaction when they’re present, but which lead to dissatisfaction if they’re absent.
Hygienes	In Herzberg’s two-factor theory, factors which don’t create satisfaction when they’re present, but which lead to dissatisfaction if they’re absent.
Illusion of group productivity	The tendency of members to rate the quality of their groups’ outputs as higher than they really are.
Illusion of group productivity	The tendency of members to rate the quality of their groups’ outputs as higher than they really are.
implicit norms	Norms which are not discussed or expressed in writing or orally.
implicit norms	Norms which are not discussed or expressed in writing or orally.
implicit rule culture	Rules are often understood and communicated nonverbally.
implicit rule culture	Rules are often understood and communicated nonverbally.
in good faith	Seriously and honestly, as in a decision-making or conflict situation.
in good faith	Seriously and honestly, as in a decision-making or conflict situation.
individualistic cultures	This culture values individual freedom and personal independence.
individualistic cultures	This culture values individual freedom and personal independence.
institutional memory	Shared remembrances among members of a group, which may or may not be recorded in physical form, of the group’s past.
institutional memory	Shared remembrances among members of a group, which may or may not be recorded in physical form, of the group’s past.
Insulated listening	Taking in a responding to everything the speaker says except what’s unpleasant to the listener.
Insulated listening	Taking in a responding to everything the speaker says except what’s unpleasant to the listener.
integrating style	According to Rahim, Antonioni, and Psenicka, a practice of being open and willing to exchange information and resolve conflict in a way that is acceptable to all.
integrating style	According to Rahim, Antonioni, and Psenicka, a practice of being open and willing to exchange information and resolve conflict in a way that is acceptable to all.
integration	Bringing together diverse elements of one’s personality into a new and more unified form.
integration	Bringing together diverse elements of one’s personality into a new and more unified form.
intellectual hospitality	John Dewey’s term for an active disposition to welcome new viewpoints.
intellectual hospitality	John Dewey’s term for an active disposition to welcome new viewpoints.
Interaction norms	Norms which specify how people communicate in a group.
Interaction norms	Norms which specify how people communicate in a group.
interactive questioning	Open-minded, open-ended questioning which serves to enhance mutual understanding among group members.
interactive questioning	Open-minded, open-ended questioning which serves to enhance mutual understanding among group members.
Interference	Anything that blocks or changes the source’s intended meaning of the message.
Interference	Anything that blocks or changes the source’s intended meaning of the message.
interior states	Thoughts, feelings, and sentiments within people. (Behaviorists hold that motivation can be explained and promoted without reference to interior states).
interior states	Thoughts, feelings, and sentiments within people. (Behaviorists hold that motivation can be explained and promoted without reference to interior states).
Interpersonal communication	Normally involves two people, and can range from intimate and very personal to formal and impersonal.
Interpersonal communication	Normally involves two people, and can range from intimate and very personal to formal and impersonal.
Interpersonal communication	Communication between two people.
Interpersonal communication	Communication between two people.
interpersonal needs	Another model characterizing human needs, including affection, control, and belonging.
interpersonal needs	Another model characterizing human needs, including affection, control, and belonging.
intracultural communication	Communication within the same culture.
intracultural communication	Communication within the same culture.
intrapersonal communication	Communication with yourself.
intrapersonal communication	Communication with yourself.
Intrapersonal communication	Communication that involves one person; it is often called “self-talk.”
Intrapersonal communication	Communication that involves one person; it is often called “self-talk.”
intrinsic rewards	Rewards which arise from within an individual or group.
intrinsic rewards	Rewards which arise from within an individual or group.
Jargon	An occupation-specific language used by people in a given profession. Think of the way medical caregivers speak to one another, frequently using abbreviations for procedures and medications.
Jargon	An occupation-specific language used by people in a given profession. Think of the way medical caregivers speak to one another, frequently using abbreviations for procedures and medications.
kinesics	The study of body movements.
kinesics	The study of body movements.
laissez-faire leader	Individual who practices a “live and let live” style of leadership.
laissez-faire leader	Individual who practices a “live and let live” style of leadership.
laissez-faire leadership	A “live and let live” style of leadership; a willingness to let people in a group behave as they wish.
laissez-faire leadership	A “live and let live” style of leadership; a willingness to let people in a group behave as they wish.
laws	A description of phenomena which specifies uniform cause-and-effect relationships which hold true under limited, defined circumstances.
laws	A description of phenomena which specifies uniform cause-and-effect relationships which hold true under limited, defined circumstances.
leader-as-coach	Individual serving as a teacher, motivator, and keeper of the goals of the group.
leader-as-coach	Individual serving as a teacher, motivator, and keeper of the goals of the group.
leader-as-conductor	Central role of bringing people together for a common goal.
leader-as-conductor	Central role of bringing people together for a common goal.
leader-as-technician	Occurs when the leader has skills that others do not.
leader-as-technician	Occurs when the leader has skills that others do not.
Leadership	The ability to effectively formulate and implement a plan of action based on the context.
Leadership	The ability to effectively formulate and implement a plan of action based on the context.
Lean media	Media which depend solely on written communication and cannot easily convey non-verbal communication cues.
Lean media	Media which depend solely on written communication and cannot easily convey non-verbal communication cues.
logistical	Routine in nature (applicable to fundamental elements and considerations of how an organization or process works).
logistical	Routine in nature (applicable to fundamental elements and considerations of how an organization or process works).
main motion	The initial form of a motion proposed by a group member, prior to and independent of any amendments.
main motion	The initial form of a motion proposed by a group member, prior to and independent of any amendments.
Marginal group members	Individual who looks outside the group for fulfillment of personal needs.
Marginal group members	Individual who looks outside the group for fulfillment of personal needs.
Marginal group members	Individual who looks outside the group for fulfillment of personal needs.
Marginal group members	Individual who looks outside the group for fulfillment of personal needs.
mashups	Alterations of digital content meant to humiliate someone.
mashups	Alterations of digital content meant to humiliate someone.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs	A model characterizing human needs from the most basic (physical) to the most complex (aesthetic appreciation).
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs	A model characterizing human needs from the most basic (physical) to the most complex (aesthetic appreciation).
Mass communication	Involves sending a single message to a group.
Mass communication	Involves sending a single message to a group.
material exchanges	Transfers of reward back and forth between a group’s members.
material exchanges	Transfers of reward back and forth between a group’s members.
matriarchal leadership	Leadership in which women exercise primary influence instead of men on how whole societies and the groups within them function.
matriarchal leadership	Leadership in which women exercise primary influence instead of men on how whole societies and the groups within them function.
meaning	What we share through communication.
meaning	What we share through communication.
meritocracies	A system in which people gain status by having their talents recognized and rewarded.
meritocracies	A system in which people gain status by having their talents recognized and rewarded.
message	The stimulus or meaning produced by the source for the receiver or audience.
message	The stimulus or meaning produced by the source for the receiver or audience.
microgroup	A small, independent group that has a link, affiliation, or association with a larger group.
microgroup	A small, independent group that has a link, affiliation, or association with a larger group.
monochromatic time	Interruptions are to be avoided, and everything has its own specific time.
monochromatic time	Interruptions are to be avoided, and everything has its own specific time.
nature versus nurture	The question of how much of human behavior is caused by biological factors and how much of it results from features of the environment.
nature versus nurture	The question of how much of human behavior is caused by biological factors and how much of it results from features of the environment.
neophobes	Individuals who tend to avoid or oppose new things.
neophobes	Individuals who tend to avoid or oppose new things.
new group member	Individual who is still learning the group’s norms and rules.
new group member	Individual who is still learning the group’s norms and rules.
new group member	Individual who is still learning the group’s norms and rules.
new group member	Individual who is still learning the group’s norms and rules.
nonassertion	According to Adler and Rodman, a style of conflict marked by inability or unwillingness to express oneself.
nonassertion	According to Adler and Rodman, a style of conflict marked by inability or unwillingness to express oneself.
Nonverbal communication	The process of conveying a message without the use of words.
Nonverbal communication	The process of conveying a message without the use of words.
norming stage	Time when the group establishes norms, or informal rules, for behavior and interaction.
norming stage	Time when the group establishes norms, or informal rules, for behavior and interaction.
norming stage	Time when the group establishes norms, or informal rules, for behavior and interaction.
norming stage	Time when the group establishes norms, or informal rules, for behavior and interaction.
NOSTUESO	A technique to ensure that all members in a group participate in its discussions.
NOSTUESO	A technique to ensure that all members in a group participate in its discussions.
object-adaptor	Use of an object for a purpose other than its intended design.
object-adaptor	Use of an object for a purpose other than its intended design.
obliging style	According to Rahim, Antonioni, and Psenicka, a practice of minimizing points of difference in a conflict so as to try to satisfy others’ needs.
obliging style	According to Rahim, Antonioni, and Psenicka, a practice of minimizing points of difference in a conflict so as to try to satisfy others’ needs.
opportunity cost	The loss of potential gain from other alternatives when any one option is selected.
opportunity cost	The loss of potential gain from other alternatives when any one option is selected.
organizational memory	A mechanism, in digital or hard-copy form, for retaining information about a group’s activities over extended periods.
organizational memory	A mechanism, in digital or hard-copy form, for retaining information about a group’s activities over extended periods.
out of order	In parliamentary terms, inappropriate and unacceptable for further consideration.
out of order	In parliamentary terms, inappropriate and unacceptable for further consideration.
overpersonals	According to William Schutz, someone who continually seeks attention and affirmation.
overpersonals	According to William Schutz, someone who continually seeks attention and affirmation.
paradigms	A clear point of view involving theories, laws, and/or generalizations that provide a framework for understanding.
paradigms	A clear point of view involving theories, laws, and/or generalizations that provide a framework for understanding.
Paralanguage	Involves verbal and nonverbal aspects of speech that influence meaning, including tone, intensity, pausing, and silence.
Paralanguage	Involves verbal and nonverbal aspects of speech that influence meaning, including tone, intensity, pausing, and silence.
parliamentarians	An expert in parliamentary procedure.
parliamentarians	An expert in parliamentary procedure.
parliamentary procedure	A system of rules for conducting the business of an organization in ways which ensure consistency, fairness, and efficiency.
parliamentary procedure	A system of rules for conducting the business of an organization in ways which ensure consistency, fairness, and efficiency.
parsimony	Simplicity, as in a theory which contains no superfluous elements.
parsimony	Simplicity, as in a theory which contains no superfluous elements.
People-oriented listeners	Listening directed toward detecting and preserving positive emotional features of a relationship.
People-oriented listeners	Listening directed toward detecting and preserving positive emotional features of a relationship.
perception check	A question or questions designed to determine if one’s interpretation of someone else’s behavior is accurate.
perception check	A question or questions designed to determine if one’s interpretation of someone else’s behavior is accurate.
performing stage	Time when the group accomplishes its mandate, fulfills its purpose, and reaches its goals.
performing stage	Time when the group accomplishes its mandate, fulfills its purpose, and reaches its goals.
performing stage	Time when the group accomplishes its mandate, fulfills its purpose, and reaches its goals.
performing stage	Time when the group accomplishes its mandate, fulfills its purpose, and reaches its goals.
personal individual	The person who strikes a healthy balance in terms of human interaction.
personal individual	The person who strikes a healthy balance in terms of human interaction.
personal space	The “bubble” of space surrounding each individual.
personal space	The “bubble” of space surrounding each individual.
plop	A discussion in which members of a group express views and identify alternative but reach no decision and take no action.
plop	A discussion in which members of a group express views and identify alternative but reach no decision and take no action.
Polychromatic time	A more fluid approach to scheduling time, where several things can be done at once, and each may have different levels of importance and urgency.
Polychromatic time	A more fluid approach to scheduling time, where several things can be done at once, and each may have different levels of importance and urgency.
postdiction	Interpretation of specific past phenomena that accounts for why they would be expected to happen as they did.
postdiction	Interpretation of specific past phenomena that accounts for why they would be expected to happen as they did.
potential member	Individual who is qualified to join a group but has not yet joined.
potential member	Individual who is qualified to join a group but has not yet joined.
potential member	Individual who is qualified to join a group but has not yet joined.
potential member	Individual who is qualified to join a group but has not yet joined.
precise words	Words that paint as vivid and accurate a mental picture as possible for your group.
precise words	Words that paint as vivid and accurate a mental picture as possible for your group.
predicted outcome value theory	Asserts that not only do we want to reduce uncertainty, we also want to maximize our possible benefit from the association.
predicted outcome value theory	Asserts that not only do we want to reduce uncertainty, we also want to maximize our possible benefit from the association.
pregnant pause	A silence between verbal messages that is full of meaning.
pregnant pause	A silence between verbal messages that is full of meaning.
Prejudice	A negative preconceived judgment or opinion that guides conduct or social behavior.
Prejudice	A negative preconceived judgment or opinion that guides conduct or social behavior.
Procedure-oriented norms	Norms which identify how a group functions.
Procedure-oriented norms	Norms which identify how a group functions.
process	A dynamic activity that is hard to describe because it changes.
process	A dynamic activity that is hard to describe because it changes.
Process theories	Theories of motivation which analyze the interaction of factors which motivate behavior.
Process theories	Theories of motivation which analyze the interaction of factors which motivate behavior.
proxemics	The study of the human use of space and distance in communication.
proxemics	The study of the human use of space and distance in communication.
proxemics	The study of how people’s use of space affects interaction and meaning.
proxemics	The study of how people’s use of space affects interaction and meaning.
pseudo-listening	Appearing to be listening but not really doing so.
pseudo-listening	Appearing to be listening but not really doing so.
public communication	Communication in which one person speaks or writes a message to a group of people.
public communication	Communication in which one person speaks or writes a message to a group of people.
quick wins	Simple, noncontroversial questions which can be answered easily at the start of a meeting to offer its participants a sense of unity and direction.
quick wins	Simple, noncontroversial questions which can be answered easily at the start of a meeting to offer its participants a sense of unity and direction.
Racist language	Discriminates against members of a given race or ethnic group.
Racist language	Discriminates against members of a given race or ethnic group.
receiver	Receives the message from the source, analyzing and interpreting the message in ways both intended and unintended by the source.
receiver	Receives the message from the source, analyzing and interpreting the message in ways both intended and unintended by the source.
Regulators	Nonverbal expression that controls, encourages or discourages interaction.
Regulators	Nonverbal expression that controls, encourages or discourages interaction.
reinforcement stage	Characterized by affirmations and statements of agreement or support for the task or actions.
reinforcement stage	Characterized by affirmations and statements of agreement or support for the task or actions.
relational contracts	Informal statements of knowledge and other strengths that group members pledge to contribute to the group’s work.
relational contracts	Informal statements of knowledge and other strengths that group members pledge to contribute to the group’s work.
Relationship conflicts	Conflicts which involve people’s egos and sense of self-worth.
Relationship conflicts	Conflicts which involve people’s egos and sense of self-worth.
rhetorical theories paradigm	A set of theories which focuses on how symbols affect people.
rhetorical theories paradigm	A set of theories which focuses on how symbols affect people.
Rites of initiation	These mark the transition of the role or status of the individual within the group.
Rites of initiation	These mark the transition of the role or status of the individual within the group.
secondary groups	Groups that meet some, but not all, of individuals’ needs.
secondary groups	Groups that meet some, but not all, of individuals’ needs.
Selective listening	Listening only to the parts of someone else’s communication that are personally important to the listener.
Selective listening	Listening only to the parts of someone else’s communication that are personally important to the listener.
Self-centered roles	Involves ego-centric behaviors that call attention to the individual, not the group, and distract or disrupt the group dynamic.
Self-centered roles	Involves ego-centric behaviors that call attention to the individual, not the group, and distract or disrupt the group dynamic.
self-concept	Your sense of self and awareness of who you are.
self-concept	Your sense of self and awareness of who you are.
Self-disclosure	Information, thoughts, or feelings we tell others about ourselves that they would not otherwise know.
Self-disclosure	Information, thoughts, or feelings we tell others about ourselves that they would not otherwise know.
Self-disclosure	The deliberate communication of information about yourself to others.
Self-disclosure	The deliberate communication of information about yourself to others.
Semantic rules	Govern the meaning of words and how to interpret them.
Semantic rules	Govern the meaning of words and how to interpret them.
sender-receiver reciprocity	The mutual obligation of speakers and listeners to create and understand meaning together.
sender-receiver reciprocity	The mutual obligation of speakers and listeners to create and understand meaning together.
sense of progress	The feeling that a person or group is accomplishing something.
sense of progress	The feeling that a person or group is accomplishing something.
Sexist language	Uses gender as a discriminating factor.
Sexist language	Uses gender as a discriminating factor.
sharing	Doing something together with one or more other people.
sharing	Doing something together with one or more other people.
signposts	Notifications of chronological stages in a meeting—e.g., “We have 25 minutes left, and we haven’t decided yet who will talk to the professor to ask about an extension on our assignment.”
signposts	Notifications of chronological stages in a meeting—e.g., “We have 25 minutes left, and we haven’t decided yet who will talk to the professor to ask about an extension on our assignment.”
simplified standard order of business	The major segments of a group’s business at a meeting, according to Robert’s Rules of Order.
simplified standard order of business	The major segments of a group’s business at a meeting, according to Robert’s Rules of Order.
Situational leadership	Leadership adapted to the specific context, and that leadership itself depends on the situation at hand.
Situational leadership	Leadership adapted to the specific context, and that leadership itself depends on the situation at hand.
SLACK	A method developed by Randy Fujishin to manage conflict (“SLACK” stands for “sit, listen, ask, compromise, and kiss”).
SLACK	A method developed by Randy Fujishin to manage conflict (“SLACK” stands for “sit, listen, ask, compromise, and kiss”).
Slang	The use of existing or newly invented words to take the place of standard or traditional words with the intent of adding an unconventional, non-standard, humorous or rebellious effect.
Slang	The use of existing or newly invented words to take the place of standard or traditional words with the intent of adding an unconventional, non-standard, humorous or rebellious effect.
social	According to William Schutz, an individual who seeks a sense of belonging in a group by striking a balance between involvement and withdrawal.
social	According to William Schutz, an individual who seeks a sense of belonging in a group by striking a balance between involvement and withdrawal.
social decentering	The act of stepping away from one’s own thoughts in order to try to experience the thoughts of others.
social decentering	The act of stepping away from one’s own thoughts in order to try to experience the thoughts of others.
social links	Long-term connections based on attitudes, emotional connections, shared identities, and other human commonalities.
social links	Long-term connections based on attitudes, emotional connections, shared identities, and other human commonalities.
social loafing	The tendency of members of a large group to feel diminished personal responsibility and to rely on the rest of the group to perform necessary tasks.
social loafing	The tendency of members of a large group to feel diminished personal responsibility and to rely on the rest of the group to perform necessary tasks.
social loafing	The tendency for each member of a group to devote less energy to a task than she or he would alone because it’s possible to let others take responsibility for getting things done.
social loafing	The tendency for each member of a group to devote less energy to a task than she or he would alone because it’s possible to let others take responsibility for getting things done.
social person	Person who strikes a healthy balance between being withdrawn and being the constant center of attention.
social person	Person who strikes a healthy balance between being withdrawn and being the constant center of attention.
social presence	The sensation of being in immediate, direct contact with other human beings rather than being distant in time or space from them.
social presence	The sensation of being in immediate, direct contact with other human beings rather than being distant in time or space from them.
socialized	The process of learning to associate, communicate, or interact within a group.
socialized	The process of learning to associate, communicate, or interact within a group.
socialized	The process of learning to associate, communicate, or interact within a group.
socialized	The process of learning to associate, communicate, or interact within a group.
source	Person who imagines, creates, and sends the message.
source	Person who imagines, creates, and sends the message.
stage-hogging	Also known as disruptive listening. Attending only minimally and butting in persistently to insert views or express needs.
stage-hogging	Also known as disruptive listening. Attending only minimally and butting in persistently to insert views or express needs.
state the question	A formal announcement by the chair of a group indicating that a motion has been made and seconded and is open for debate.
state the question	A formal announcement by the chair of a group indicating that a motion has been made and seconded and is open for debate.
Status	A person’s level of importance or significance within a particular environment.
Status	A person’s level of importance or significance within a particular environment.
Status norms	Norms which indicate the degree of influence that members possess.
Status norms	Norms which indicate the degree of influence that members possess.
status quo	(Latin) things as they are at a given time; existing conditions.
status quo	(Latin) things as they are at a given time; existing conditions.
storming stage	Time of struggles as group members themselves sort out their differences.
storming stage	Time of struggles as group members themselves sort out their differences.
storming stage	Time of struggles as group members themselves sort out their differences.
storming stage	Time of struggles as group members themselves sort out their differences.
structuralist	A leader who attempts to manage conflict in a group by its composition or structure.
structuralist	A leader who attempts to manage conflict in a group by its composition or structure.
subsidiary motions	A motion related to a main motion, either to change it or otherwise alter its disposition.
subsidiary motions	A motion related to a main motion, either to change it or otherwise alter its disposition.
Summative assessment	Judgment concerning a process which has concluded.
Summative assessment	Judgment concerning a process which has concluded.
superordinate goals	Goals which transcend those of individuals in a conflict and which all parties can subscribe to.
superordinate goals	Goals which transcend those of individuals in a conflict and which all parties can subscribe to.
supportive communication	Focuses on the points and not personalities.
supportive communication	Focuses on the points and not personalities.
Synergy	A combined effect great than the simple sum total of individual components in a process or entity.
Synergy	A combined effect great than the simple sum total of individual components in a process or entity.
Syntactic rules	Govern the order of words in a sentence.
Syntactic rules	Govern the order of words in a sentence.
systemic thinking	A process whereby group members “think big” and long-term by conceiving of themselves as an enduring and organic totality.
systemic thinking	A process whereby group members “think big” and long-term by conceiving of themselves as an enduring and organic totality.
Teams	A form of group normally dedicated to production or problem-solving.
Teams	A form of group normally dedicated to production or problem-solving.
technocratic	Based primarily or exclusively on scientific data and technical information rather than on human considerations.
technocratic	Based primarily or exclusively on scientific data and technical information rather than on human considerations.
Territory	The space you claim as your own, are responsible for, or are willing to defend.
Territory	The space you claim as your own, are responsible for, or are willing to defend.
The Peter Principle	The view that everyone in an organization rises to his or her level of incompetence and that eventually every role is performed by someone unfit to manage it.
The Peter Principle	The view that everyone in an organization rises to his or her level of incompetence and that eventually every role is performed by someone unfit to manage it.
theoretical paradigms	A collection of concepts, values, assumptions, and practices that constitute a way of viewing reality.
theoretical paradigms	A collection of concepts, values, assumptions, and practices that constitute a way of viewing reality.
theory	A set of inter-related propositions that suggest why events occur in the manner that they do.
theory	A set of inter-related propositions that suggest why events occur in the manner that they do.
Theory X	Asserts that workers are motivated by their basic (low-level) needs and have a general disposition against labor.
Theory X	Asserts that workers are motivated by their basic (low-level) needs and have a general disposition against labor.
Theory Y	Views employees as ambitious, self-directed, and capable of self-motivation.
Theory Y	Views employees as ambitious, self-directed, and capable of self-motivation.
Theory Y	In groups, an approach which assumes that members are generally honorable, industrious, trustworthy, and cooperative.
Theory Y	In groups, an approach which assumes that members are generally honorable, industrious, trustworthy, and cooperative.
Theory Z	Combines elements of both Theory X and Y; views workers as having a high need for reinforcement and belonging.
Theory Z	Combines elements of both Theory X and Y; views workers as having a high need for reinforcement and belonging.
Time-oriented listeners	Listening directed toward schedules, deadlines, and other time-bound features of a group.
Time-oriented listeners	Listening directed toward schedules, deadlines, and other time-bound features of a group.
transactional	Model of communication in which actions happen at the same time.
transactional	Model of communication in which actions happen at the same time.
transactional leadership	A behaviorist approach to motivating group members in which leaders exchange rewards for performance.
transactional leadership	A behaviorist approach to motivating group members in which leaders exchange rewards for performance.
transformational leadership	Leadership that emphasizes the vision, mission, motivations, and goals of a group or team and motivates them to accomplish the task or achieve the result.
transformational leadership	Leadership that emphasizes the vision, mission, motivations, and goals of a group or team and motivates them to accomplish the task or achieve the result.
Trouble in River City	A term from the musical “The Music Man” referring to problems lurking ahead of an unsuspecting group or community.
Trouble in River City	A term from the musical “The Music Man” referring to problems lurking ahead of an unsuspecting group or community.
trust	Reliance on the integrity, strength, ability, or dependability of a person or thing.
trust	Reliance on the integrity, strength, ability, or dependability of a person or thing.
two-pizza guideline	A policy by Amazon Corporation to limit membership in its employee teams to the quantity which could be fed with two pizzas.
two-pizza guideline	A policy by Amazon Corporation to limit membership in its employee teams to the quantity which could be fed with two pizzas.
two-thirds vote	A process of making a decision whereby twice as many voters have to approve of a proposal than oppose it in order for the proposal to be accepted.
two-thirds vote	A process of making a decision whereby twice as many voters have to approve of a proposal than oppose it in order for the proposal to be accepted.
unanimity	A condition in which no one in a group has explicitly stated objections to a proposal or decision.
unanimity	A condition in which no one in a group has explicitly stated objections to a proposal or decision.
Uncertainty theory	States that we choose to know more about others with whom we have interactions in order to reduce or resolve the anxiety associated with the unknown.
Uncertainty theory	States that we choose to know more about others with whom we have interactions in order to reduce or resolve the anxiety associated with the unknown.
Uncertainty theory	States that we choose to know more about others with whom we have interactions in order to reduce or resolve the anxiety associated with the unknown.
Uncertainty theory	States that we choose to know more about others with whom we have interactions in order to reduce or resolve the anxiety associated with the unknown.
understanding	To perceive, to interpret, and to relate our perception and interpretation to what we already know.
understanding	To perceive, to interpret, and to relate our perception and interpretation to what we already know.
unilaterally	Determined or executed by one person alone.
unilaterally	Determined or executed by one person alone.
universal leadership traits	The view that there are inherent traits, that may be part of a person from birth as in talents, or acquired skills that express those in-born traits, that are somehow universal or constant across contexts and cultures.
universal leadership traits	The view that there are inherent traits, that may be part of a person from birth as in talents, or acquired skills that express those in-born traits, that are somehow universal or constant across contexts and cultures.
WII-FM	An imaginary radio station whose call letters stand for “What’s in it for me?”
WII-FM	An imaginary radio station whose call letters stand for “What’s in it for me?”