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- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Courses/Yuba_College/Physical_Anthropology_Anthro-1/05%3A_Human_Fossil_Record/5.01%3A_Pleistocene_Epoch/5.1.13%3A_The_erectus_GradeThe species that are collectively known as the erectus grade are believed to be descendants of the African “erectus” form, Homo ergaster, which in turn is thought to be descended from one of the two s...The species that are collectively known as the erectus grade are believed to be descendants of the African “erectus” form, Homo ergaster, which in turn is thought to be descended from one of the two species of early Homo, H. habilis or H. rudolfensis. They lived in one form or another from 1.8 mya to as recently as 25–17 kya. H. erectus was first discovered by Eugène Dubois in 1891, at the Trinil site on the Solo River in Java.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Courses/Yuba_College/Physical_Anthropology_Anthro-1/04%3A_Paleontology_and_Primate_Evolution/4.03%3A_Pliocene_Epoch/4.3.06%3A__Kenyanthropus_platyopsA surprisingly “flat-faced” hominin came to light with Meave Leakey’s discovery and naming of Kenyanthropus platyops (“flat-faced human from Kenya”) in 1999. The degree of orthognathism was surprising...A surprisingly “flat-faced” hominin came to light with Meave Leakey’s discovery and naming of Kenyanthropus platyops (“flat-faced human from Kenya”) in 1999. The degree of orthognathism was surprising for such an early hominin.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Courses/Yuba_College/Physical_Anthropology_Anthro-1/05%3A_Human_Fossil_Record/5.01%3A_Pleistocene_Epoch/5.1.17%3A_Homo_antecessorUntil the recent discovery of hominin fossils dating to over 1.2 mya in the Atapuerca Mountains of Spain, the earliest known fossil material from the area was no more than 800 kya. The 800 kya materia...Until the recent discovery of hominin fossils dating to over 1.2 mya in the Atapuerca Mountains of Spain, the earliest known fossil material from the area was no more than 800 kya. The 800 kya material was assigned the taxonomic designation of Homo antecessor, or “Pioneer Man,” as the first hominins to have ranged into Western Europe.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Courses/Yuba_College/Physical_Anthropology_Anthro-1/04%3A_Paleontology_and_Primate_Evolution/4.03%3A_Pliocene_Epoch/4.3.01%3A_Introduction_to_the_Pliocene_EpochThe Pliocene Epoch (~5.3–2.6 mya) was characterized by global cooling and weather disruptions due to the formation of the Panama land bridge and resultant changes in ocean currents. The polar ice caps...The Pliocene Epoch (~5.3–2.6 mya) was characterized by global cooling and weather disruptions due to the formation of the Panama land bridge and resultant changes in ocean currents. The polar ice caps were expanding and sea levels had already begun to drop, as the Pleistocene Epoch (~2.6 mya–11.7 kya) approached. The geologic record shows us that Africa was subject to cooling and drying trends, with seasons becoming more pronounced.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Courses/Yuba_College/Physical_Anthropology_Anthro-1/05%3A_Human_Fossil_Record/5.01%3A_Pleistocene_Epoch/5.1.09%3A_Homo_habilisLouis and Mary Leakey discovered the first fossil material in 1960 at their site in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Louis had been recovering stone tools from the site for years, but the manufacturer of thos...Louis and Mary Leakey discovered the first fossil material in 1960 at their site in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Louis had been recovering stone tools from the site for years, but the manufacturer of those tools had previously eluded him. He named the species Homo habilis or “handy-man.” Fossils attributed to H. habilis have also been found at Hadar (and possibly Omo), Ethiopia; Koobi Fora, Kenya; and the South African sites of Swartkrans and Sterkfontein.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Courses/Yuba_College/Physical_Anthropology_Anthro-1/04%3A_Paleontology_and_Primate_Evolution/4.03%3A_Pliocene_Epoch/4.3.07%3A_Australopithecus_prometheus_or_africanusThe controversial material that has come to be known as “Little Foot” is an almost complete skeleton from the site of Sterkfontein. The story is remarkable in that the skeletal components were discove...The controversial material that has come to be known as “Little Foot” is an almost complete skeleton from the site of Sterkfontein. The story is remarkable in that the skeletal components were discovered at two different times. The earlier material was cataloged and stored as “cercopithecoid” (Old World monkey) remains. Fifteen years later, the rest of the skeleton was found at the same location at Sterkfontein (Silberburg Grotto) and matched to the previous material.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Courses/Yuba_College/Physical_Anthropology_Anthro-1/05%3A_Human_Fossil_Record/5.01%3A_Pleistocene_Epoch/5.1.22%3A_Homo_sapiensThe origin of our species is thought to have occurred in Africa sometime prior to 200 kya, based on fossil and genetic evidence. We may be descended from an African population of Homo heidelbergensis ...The origin of our species is thought to have occurred in Africa sometime prior to 200 kya, based on fossil and genetic evidence. We may be descended from an African population of Homo heidelbergensis (sometimes referred to as Homo rhodesiensis) or an earlier common ancestor of heidelbergensis, based on recent genetic evidence. Fossils characteristic of a transitional form, termed Homo helmei, are found at the South African site of Florisbad and dated to 260 kya.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anthropology/Biological_Anthropology/The_History_of_Our_Tribe_-_Hominini_(Welker)/04%3A_Pleistocene_Epoch/4.14%3A_Homo_ergasterH. ergaster is thought to have evolved from either H. habilis or H. rudolfensis in East Africa. However, it is possible that H. habilis may have been the first to leave Africa, after which it may have...H. ergaster is thought to have evolved from either H. habilis or H. rudolfensis in East Africa. However, it is possible that H. habilis may have been the first to leave Africa, after which it may have evolved into a pre-ergaster/erectus form that then moved into Africa and Asia. If H. habilis was in our ancestry, the latter scenario might explain how the more modernly proportioned H. ergaster appeared in the fossil record contemporary with H. habilis in East Africa.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anthropology/Biological_Anthropology/The_History_of_Our_Tribe_-_Hominini_(Welker)/04%3A_Pleistocene_Epoch/4.05%3A_Paranthropus_robustusIn 1938, Robert Broom discovered the first Paranthropus robustus material at the site of Swartkrans, South Africa. He later found material at Kromdraai, and because the molar teeth were more primitive...In 1938, Robert Broom discovered the first Paranthropus robustus material at the site of Swartkrans, South Africa. He later found material at Kromdraai, and because the molar teeth were more primitive at that site, he changed the species name at Swartkrans to P. crassidens but used P. robustus for the Kromdraai material.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anthropology/Biological_Anthropology/The_History_of_Our_Tribe_-_Hominini_(Welker)/04%3A_Pleistocene_Epoch/4.19%3A_Homo_heidelbergensisFossil material from Europe and Africa that was formerly assigned to “Early Archaic” Homo sapiens is now termed Homo heidelbergensis, with some researchers using Homo rhodesiensis for some of the Afri...Fossil material from Europe and Africa that was formerly assigned to “Early Archaic” Homo sapiens is now termed Homo heidelbergensis, with some researchers using Homo rhodesiensis for some of the African material. It is now well accepted that H. heidelbergensis was ancestral to both humans and neandertals.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anthropology/Biological_Anthropology/The_History_of_Our_Tribe_-_Hominini_(Welker)/03%3A_Pliocene_Epoch/3.01%3A_Introduction_to_the_Pliocene_EpochThe Pliocene Epoch (~5.3–2.6 mya) was characterized by global cooling and weather disruptions due to the formation of the Panama land bridge and resultant changes in ocean currents. The polar ice caps...The Pliocene Epoch (~5.3–2.6 mya) was characterized by global cooling and weather disruptions due to the formation of the Panama land bridge and resultant changes in ocean currents. The polar ice caps were expanding and sea levels had already begun to drop, as the Pleistocene Epoch (~2.6 mya–11.7 kya) approached. The geologic record shows us that Africa was subject to cooling and drying trends, with seasons becoming more pronounced.
