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- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Courses/Cosumnes_River_College/PSYC_312%3A_Biological_Psychology_Fall_'24_(Bahm)/07%3A_Sensation_Perception_and_the_Senses/7.03%3A_Vision/7.3.02%3A_Visual_System_Anatomy-_Visual_fields_and_Brain_PathwaysSince the axons from the nasal retina cross to the opposite side of the nervous system but the temporal retina axons do not, this leads to the brain processing input from the contralateral (opposite s...Since the axons from the nasal retina cross to the opposite side of the nervous system but the temporal retina axons do not, this leads to the brain processing input from the contralateral (opposite side) visual hemifield.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Courses/Cosumnes_River_College/PSYC_312%3A_Biological_Psychology_Fall_'24_(Bahm)/07%3A_Sensation_Perception_and_the_Senses/7.08%3A_Gestalt_Principles_of_PerceptionIn the article Stereotypes and Prejudice in the Perception of the “Other” (Fedor, 2014), it is argued that otherness (that which is other than the concept being considered; often it means a person oth...In the article Stereotypes and Prejudice in the Perception of the “Other” (Fedor, 2014), it is argued that otherness (that which is other than the concept being considered; often it means a person other than oneself) can lead to problematic interpersonal communication that often becomes permanent and may result in the prevention of community collaboration and development.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Courses/Cosumnes_River_College/PSYC_312%3A_Biological_Psychology_Fall_'24_(Bahm)/08%3A_Movement/8.02%3A_Synaptic_Control_of_Movement-_Neuromuscular_Junction_and_Motor_UnitsAlthough a small number of motor neurons activating the skeletal muscles of the face, head, and neck are located in the brainstem, most motor neurons originate in the spinal cord, directing skeletal m...Although a small number of motor neurons activating the skeletal muscles of the face, head, and neck are located in the brainstem, most motor neurons originate in the spinal cord, directing skeletal muscle fibers to contract throughout the rest of the body. The T-tubules carry the action potential into the interior of the cell, which triggers the opening of calcium channels in the membrane of the adjacent SR, causing Ca ++ to diffuse out of the SR and into the sarcoplasm.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Courses/Cosumnes_River_College/PSYC_312%3A_Biological_Psychology_Fall_'24_(Bahm)/09%3A_Learning_and_Memory/9.05%3A_Brain_Mechanisms_of_Memory_DisordersNote extreme shrinkage of cerebral cortex and hippocampus, and extensive deterioration and loss of brain tissue resulting in extremely enlarged cerebral ventricles (Image and caption from Wikimedia Co...Note extreme shrinkage of cerebral cortex and hippocampus, and extensive deterioration and loss of brain tissue resulting in extremely enlarged cerebral ventricles (Image and caption from Wikimedia Commons; File:Alzheimer's disease brain comparison.jpg; https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/F...comparison.jpg; by SEVERESLICE_HIGH.JPG: ADEAR: "Alzheimer's Disease Education and Referral Center, a service of the National Institute on Aging," modifications by Garrondo; this work is in the public domai…
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Courses/Cosumnes_River_College/PSYC_312%3A_Biological_Psychology_Fall_'24_(Bahm)/02%3A_Research_Methods_and_Ethical_Considerations_of_Biological_Psychology_and_Neuroscience/2.03%3A_Non-Invasive_Techniques-_Direct_Functional_Imaging_TechniquesDue to the fact that the magnetic fields of interest are so small, special rooms that are shielded from magnetic fields in the environment are needed in order to avoid contamination of the signal bein...Due to the fact that the magnetic fields of interest are so small, special rooms that are shielded from magnetic fields in the environment are needed in order to avoid contamination of the signal being measured. EEG and MEG are both considered direct brain imaging techniques since EEG measures the electrical activity from groups of neurons and MEG measures the magnetic fields that the electrical activity gives off.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Courses/Cosumnes_River_College/PSYC_312%3A_Biological_Psychology_Fall_'24_(Bahm)/13%3A_Sexuality_and_Sexual_Development/13.05%3A_Sexual_OrientationA review of biological origins for both sexual orientation and gender identity concludes that "multidisciplinary evidence reveals that ... sexual orientation and gender identity are conferred ... duri...A review of biological origins for both sexual orientation and gender identity concludes that "multidisciplinary evidence reveals that ... sexual orientation and gender identity are conferred ... during the first half of pregnancy" and that "multiple layers of evidence confirm that sexual orientation and gender identity are as biological, innate and immutable as the other traits conferred during that critical time in gestation" (O'Hanlan et al., 2018).
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Courses/Cosumnes_River_College/PSYC_312%3A_Biological_Psychology_Fall_'24_(Bahm)/10%3A_Wakefulness_and_Sleep/10.04%3A_More_Neuroanatomy_of_SleepFigure \PageIndex1: This sagittal section of the brain shows where the anterior and posterior pituitary, hypothalams and thalamus are located and their relations to each other in the inset - the...Figure \PageIndex1: This sagittal section of the brain shows where the anterior and posterior pituitary, hypothalams and thalamus are located and their relations to each other in the inset - the thalamus is above the hypothalamus and the latter is above the pituitary glands. (CC BY 3.0; OpenStax College via Wikimedia Commons)
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Courses/Cosumnes_River_College/PSYC_312%3A_Biological_Psychology_Fall_'24_(Bahm)/09%3A_Learning_and_Memory/9.01%3A_Learning_Genetics_and_their_InteractionOver the evolutionary history of these diverse species (one an insect, the other a large bird), natural selection has preserved the genetic information that allows flies and pelicans to fly (they don'...Over the evolutionary history of these diverse species (one an insect, the other a large bird), natural selection has preserved the genetic information that allows flies and pelicans to fly (they don't learn it); and it is the "correct" information needed to organize the complex movements of flight in these two very different species.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Courses/Cosumnes_River_College/PSYC_312%3A_Biological_Psychology_Fall_'24_(Bahm)/12%3A_Intelligence_Cognition_and_Language/12.02%3A_Cognition_and_Intelligence_as_Psychological_AdaptationsThis view contrasts with and rejects the "blank slate" view of the mind/brain assumed in the Standard Social Science Model (SSSM), the set of assumptions that much of psychology and the social science...This view contrasts with and rejects the "blank slate" view of the mind/brain assumed in the Standard Social Science Model (SSSM), the set of assumptions that much of psychology and the social sciences were founded upon--the view that humans lacked any innate psychological nature and that the mind and brain were essentially blank at birth, leaving it to learning and culture to form human behavior free of genetics and biological evolution.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Courses/Cosumnes_River_College/PSYC_312%3A_Biological_Psychology_Fall_'24_(Bahm)/09%3A_Learning_and_Memory
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Courses/Cosumnes_River_College/PSYC_312%3A_Biological_Psychology_Fall_'24_(Bahm)/11%3A_Motivation_-_General_Theories_and_Ingestive_Behavior_Models/11.01%3A_Motivation_-_Foundation_TheoriesIn other words, the connection between the body's need for food and water, the drive states of hunger and thirst, and seeking food and drink (the behaviors designed to meet the body's needs) is someth...In other words, the connection between the body's need for food and water, the drive states of hunger and thirst, and seeking food and drink (the behaviors designed to meet the body's needs) is something that we are all familiar with.
