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- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Communication/Intercultural_Communication/Diversity_and_Difference_in_Communication_(Open_University)/02%3A_Ethnicity/2.06%3A_Racialization_and_racismSection 1 made the point that attributing fixed ‘differences’ to particular groups can be seen as an exercise of power, by which certain people are defined as ‘other’, and usually as inferior. ‘Racial...Section 1 made the point that attributing fixed ‘differences’ to particular groups can be seen as an exercise of power, by which certain people are defined as ‘other’, and usually as inferior. ‘Racialisation’ can be described as the process by which people are defined according to apparent differences of skin colour, national origin or other attributes, and positioned as different from the (usually white) majority.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Communication/Intercultural_Communication/Diversity_and_Difference_in_Communication_(Open_University)/01%3A_Difference_and_Communication/1.04%3A_The_social_construction_of_differenceAn important element in the interactional context is the relationships of power between those involved, and this too needs to be considered as a factor in the production of ‘difference’. In considerin...An important element in the interactional context is the relationships of power between those involved, and this too needs to be considered as a factor in the production of ‘difference’. In considering why people communicate in a particular way in a particular context, we need to look at the ways in which inequalities of power, based for example on race, ethnicity or disability, are at work in that setting.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Communication/Intercultural_Communication/Diversity_and_Difference_in_Communication_(Open_University)/03%3A_Gender/3.07%3A_Gender_and_power_in_helping_relationshipsThe institutional power of the female worker has some bearing on what happens, especially if the worker has the power to ‘section’, or to decide or withhold treatment, or to use other sanctions, or ha...The institutional power of the female worker has some bearing on what happens, especially if the worker has the power to ‘section’, or to decide or withhold treatment, or to use other sanctions, or has the power of the professional ‘expert’. The service user will feel relatively powerless in the face of this institutional power.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Communication/Intercultural_Communication/Diversity_and_Difference_in_Communication_(Open_University)/01%3A_Difference_and_Communication/1.03%3A_Ways_of_understanding_differenceSome essentialist arguments locate the roots of difference in people’s genetic or biological make-up, while others identify upbringing and socialisation within the family (in the case of gender, for e...Some essentialist arguments locate the roots of difference in people’s genetic or biological make-up, while others identify upbringing and socialisation within the family (in the case of gender, for example) or within the social group (in the case of ethnicity and culture).
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Communication/Intercultural_Communication/Diversity_and_Difference_in_Communication_(Open_University)/zz%3A_Back_Matter/02%3A_ReferencesChodorow, N. (1978) The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender, Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press. Kelleher, D. (1996) ‘A defence of the use of th...Chodorow, N. (1978) The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender, Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press. Kelleher, D. (1996) ‘A defence of the use of the terms "ethnicity" and ‘’culture”,’ in Kelleher, D. National Association of Health Authorities and Trusts and the King's Fund Centre (1993) Equality across the Board, London, King's Fund Centre.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Communication/Intercultural_Communication/Diversity_and_Difference_in_Communication_(Open_University)/02%3A_Ethnicity/2.11%3A_Ethnic_MatchingWhite managers, white workers won’t acknowledge or are [not] even aware of these sorts of intrinsic sort of issues involved for black workers, professionalism and boundaries, how you negotiate relatio...White managers, white workers won’t acknowledge or are [not] even aware of these sorts of intrinsic sort of issues involved for black workers, professionalism and boundaries, how you negotiate relationships with black families when they see you as a befriending person, you are having to assert that you are a professional person and that it is a professional relationship.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Communication/Intercultural_Communication/Diversity_and_Difference_in_Communication_(Open_University)/03%3A_Gender/3.13%3A_Gender_and_ParentingGender relationships in the family and in society at large are changing and there is often a greater emphasis on equality in both the home and the workplace, even if the reality has yet to catch up wi...Gender relationships in the family and in society at large are changing and there is often a greater emphasis on equality in both the home and the workplace, even if the reality has yet to catch up with the rhetoric in some instances. The entry of women into the paid workforce in large numbers has contributed to a reassessment of men's roles within the family, and to a greater emphasis on men's involvement in the care of young children.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Communication/Intercultural_Communication/Diversity_and_Difference_in_Communication_(Open_University)/02%3A_Ethnicity/2.02%3A_RaceGiven the variations that occur within so-called racial groups … it is hard to find any significance in these differences except those which are quite arbitrarily assigned to them … Racial differences...Given the variations that occur within so-called racial groups … it is hard to find any significance in these differences except those which are quite arbitrarily assigned to them … Racial differences depend on the definition given to them by the other – that is to say, on the definition of the other- and the most powerful definitions of these kinds are those which are negative – definitions that we can call racist. -Rustin, 2000, pp.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Communication/Intercultural_Communication/Diversity_and_Difference_in_Communication_(Open_University)/03%3A_Gender/3.04%3A_Where_does_gender_come_fromHowever, reflecting on your gender identity more critically may lead you to challenge aspects of this, and to see your own ‘gender’ as something rather less fixed and stable, possibly more mutable and...However, reflecting on your gender identity more critically may lead you to challenge aspects of this, and to see your own ‘gender’ as something rather less fixed and stable, possibly more mutable and fluid, and liable to vary to some extent depending on who you are with, what you are doing, and differing social attitudes and expectations.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Communication/Intercultural_Communication/Diversity_and_Difference_in_Communication_(Open_University)/01%3A_Difference_and_CommunicationThumbnail: www.pexels.com/photo/people-sitting-beside-tables-indoors-1568342/
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Communication/Intercultural_Communication/Diversity_and_Difference_in_Communication_(Open_University)/01%3A_Difference_and_Communication/1.08%3A_Difference_power_and_discriminationOften, these generalisations about groups – or stereotypes – are negative, since they reflect the differential power between those in the ‘majority’ and those categorised as ‘minorities’ or ‘different...Often, these generalisations about groups – or stereotypes – are negative, since they reflect the differential power between those in the ‘majority’ and those categorised as ‘minorities’ or ‘different’. So, for example, women may be defined as less rational than men, or black people as less intelligent than white people: in these instances, men and white people respectively are characterised as the ‘norm’. These negative stereotypes both reflect existing inequalities – patterns of sexism and ra…
