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- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Hawaii_Maui_College/UHMC%3A_PSY_212_-_Research_Methods_(Thornton)/13%3A_Presenting_Your_Research/13.3%3A_Writing_a_Research_Report_in_American_Psychological_Association_(APA)_StyleIn this section, we look at how to write an APA-style empirical research report, an article that presents the results of one or more new studies. Recall that the standard sections of an empirical rese...In this section, we look at how to write an APA-style empirical research report, an article that presents the results of one or more new studies. Recall that the standard sections of an empirical research report provide a kind of outline. Here we consider each of these sections in detail, including what information it contains, how that information is formatted and organized, and tips for writing each section.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Hawaii_Maui_College/UHMC%3A_PSY_212_-_Research_Methods_(Thornton)/08%3A_Experimental_Research/8.4%3A_Experimentation_and_ValidityWhen we read about psychology experiments with a critical view, one question to ask is “is this study valid?” However, that question is not as straightforward as it seems because, in psychology, there...When we read about psychology experiments with a critical view, one question to ask is “is this study valid?” However, that question is not as straightforward as it seems because, in psychology, there are many different kinds of validities. Researchers have focused on four validities to help assess whether an experiment is sound: internal validity, external validity, construct validity, and statistical validity. We will explore each validity in depth.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Hawaii_Maui_College/UHMC%3A_PSY_212_-_Research_Methods_(Thornton)/06%3A_Survey_ResearchWe begin with an overview of survey research, including its definition, some history, and a bit about who conducts it and why. We then look at survey responding as a psychological process and the impl...We begin with an overview of survey research, including its definition, some history, and a bit about who conducts it and why. We then look at survey responding as a psychological process and the implications of this for constructing good survey questionnaires. Finally, we consider some issues related to actually conducting survey research, including sampling the participants and collecting the data.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Hawaii_Maui_College/UHMC%3A_PSY_212_-_Research_Methods_(Thornton)/13%3A_Presenting_Your_ResearchIn this chapter, we look at how to present your research effectively. We begin with a discussion of American Psychological Association style—the primary approach to writing taken by researchers in ps...In this chapter, we look at how to present your research effectively. We begin with a discussion of American Psychological Association style—the primary approach to writing taken by researchers in psychology and related fields. Then we consider how to write an APA-style empirical research report. Finally, we look at some of the many other ways in which researchers present their work, including review and theoretical articles, theses and other student papers, and talks and posters at meetings.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Hawaii_Maui_College/UHMC%3A_PSY_212_-_Research_Methods_(Thornton)/12%3A_Single-Subject_Research/12.2%3A_Overview_of_Single-Subject_ResearchSingle-subject research is a type of quantitative research that involves studying in detail the behavior of each of a small number of participants. Note that the term single-subject does not mean that...Single-subject research is a type of quantitative research that involves studying in detail the behavior of each of a small number of participants. Note that the term single-subject does not mean that only one participant is studied; it is more typical for there to be somewhere between two and 10 participants. (This is why single-subject research designs are sometimes called small-n designs, where n is the statistical symbol for the sample size.)
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Hawaii_Maui_College/UHMC%3A_PSY_212_-_Research_Methods_(Thornton)/08%3A_Experimental_Research/8.3%3A_Experimental_DesignIn this section, we look at some different ways to design an experiment. The primary distinction we will make is between approaches in which each participant experiences one level of the independent v...In this section, we look at some different ways to design an experiment. The primary distinction we will make is between approaches in which each participant experiences one level of the independent variable and approaches in which each participant experiences all levels of the independent variable. The former are called between-subjects experiments and the latter are called within-subjects experiments.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Hawaii_Maui_College/UHMC%3A_PSY_212_-_Research_Methods_(Thornton)/03%3A_Research_Ethics/3.4%3A_Putting_Ethics_Into_PracticeIn this section, we look at some practical advice for conducting ethical research in psychology. Again, it is important to remember that ethical issues arise well before you begin to collect data and ...In this section, we look at some practical advice for conducting ethical research in psychology. Again, it is important to remember that ethical issues arise well before you begin to collect data and continue to arise through publication and beyond.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Hawaii_Maui_College/UHMC%3A_PSY_212_-_Research_Methods_(Thornton)/02%3A_Overview_of_the_Scientific_Method/2.3%3A_Finding_a_Research_TopicGood research must begin with a good research question. Yet coming up with good research questions is something that novice researchers often find difficult and stressful. One reason is that this is a...Good research must begin with a good research question. Yet coming up with good research questions is something that novice researchers often find difficult and stressful. One reason is that this is a creative process that can appear mysterious—even magical—with experienced researchers seeming to pull interesting research questions out of thin air. However, psychological research on creativity has shown that it is neither as mysterious nor as magical as it appears.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Hawaii_Maui_College/UHMC%3A_PSY_212_-_Research_Methods_(Thornton)/04%3A_Psychological_Measurement/4.2%3A_Understanding_Psychological_MeasurementMeasurement is the assignment of scores to individuals so that the scores represent some characteristic of the individuals. This very general definition is consistent with the kinds of measurement tha...Measurement is the assignment of scores to individuals so that the scores represent some characteristic of the individuals. This very general definition is consistent with the kinds of measurement that everyone is familiar with—for example, weighing oneself by stepping onto a bathroom scale, or checking the internal temperature of a roasting turkey by inserting a meat thermometer. It is also consistent with measurement in the other sciences.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Hawaii_Maui_College/UHMC%3A_PSY_212_-_Research_Methods_(Thornton)/01%3A_The_Science_of_Psychology/1.3%3A_Understanding_ScienceSome people are surprised to learn that psychology is a science. Philosophers and scientists who have thought deeply about this question have concluded that what the sciences have in common is a gener...Some people are surprised to learn that psychology is a science. Philosophers and scientists who have thought deeply about this question have concluded that what the sciences have in common is a general approach to understanding the natural world. Psychology is a science because it takes this same general approach to understanding one aspect of the natural world: human behavior.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Hawaii_Maui_College/UHMC%3A_PSY_212_-_Research_Methods_(Thornton)/05%3A_Non-Experimental_Research/5.2%3A_Overview_of_Non-Experimental_ResearchMost researchers in psychology consider the distinction between experimental and non-experimental research to be an extremely important one. This is because although experimental research can provide ...Most researchers in psychology consider the distinction between experimental and non-experimental research to be an extremely important one. This is because although experimental research can provide strong evidence that changes in an independent variable cause differences in a dependent variable, non-experimental research generally cannot. As we will see, however, this inability to make causal conclusions does not mean that non-experimental research is less important than experimental research.
