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- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Sociology/Introduction_to_Sociology/Introductory_Sociology_1e_(OpenStax)/01%3A_An_Introduction_to_SociologySociology is the study of social behavior or society, including its origins, development, organization, networks, and institutions. It is a social science that uses various methods of empirical invest...Sociology is the study of social behavior or society, including its origins, development, organization, networks, and institutions. It is a social science that uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge about social order, disorder, and change. Many sociologists conduct research that may be applied directly to social policy and welfare, while others focus primarily on refining the theoretical understanding of social processes.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Courses/Heritage_University/Introductory_Psychology_-_Heritage_University/07%3A_Week_7_-_Learning/7.01%3A_Class_Day_7.1/7.1.01%3A_Classical_ConditioningPavlov (1849–1936), a Russian scientist, performed extensive research on dogs and is best known for his experiments in classical conditioning. As we discussed briefly in the previous section, classica...Pavlov (1849–1936), a Russian scientist, performed extensive research on dogs and is best known for his experiments in classical conditioning. As we discussed briefly in the previous section, classical conditioning is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Courses/Heritage_University/Introductory_Psychology_-_Heritage_University/01%3A_Week_1_-_Introduction_to_Psychology/1.02%3A_Class_Day_1.2/1.2.01%3A_Analyzing_FindingsHow do we determine if there is indeed a relationship between two things? And when there is a relationship, how can we discern whether it is attributable to coincidence or causation? Correlation means...How do we determine if there is indeed a relationship between two things? And when there is a relationship, how can we discern whether it is attributable to coincidence or causation? Correlation means that there is a relationship between two or more variables (such as ice cream consumption and crime), but this relationship does not necessarily imply cause and effect. When two variables are correlated, it simply means that as one variable changes, so does the other.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Sociology/Introduction_to_Sociology/Introductory_Sociology_1e_(OpenStax)/03%3A_Culture/3.04%3A_Pop_Culture_Subculture_and_Cultural_ChangeThere are a multitude of cultural differences between societies in the world. Societies are also comprised of many subcultures—smaller groups that share an identity. Countercultures reject mainstream...There are a multitude of cultural differences between societies in the world. Societies are also comprised of many subcultures—smaller groups that share an identity. Countercultures reject mainstream values and create their own cultural rules and norms. Through invention or discovery, cultures evolve via new ideas and new ways of thinking. In many modern cultures, technology can lead to cultural lag and spreads both material and nonmaterial culture to contribute to globalization.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Sociology/Introduction_to_Sociology/Introductory_Sociology_1e_(OpenStax)/11%3A_Race_and_EthnicityThumbnail: Robert De Niro and his wife Grace Hightower are a prominent interracial couple, shown here at the 2012 Tribeca Film Festival (CC BY 3.0; David Shankbone).
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Sociology/Introduction_to_Sociology/Introductory_Sociology_1e_(OpenStax)/11%3A_Race_and_Ethnicity/11.01%3A_Introduction_to_Race_and_EthnicityTrayvon Martin was a seventeen-year-old black teenager. On the evening of February 26, 2012, he was visiting with his father and his father’s fiancée in the Sanford, Florida multi-ethnic gated communi...Trayvon Martin was a seventeen-year-old black teenager. On the evening of February 26, 2012, he was visiting with his father and his father’s fiancée in the Sanford, Florida multi-ethnic gated community where his father's fiancée lived. Trayvon left her home on foot to buy a snack from a nearby convenience store. As he was returning, George Zimmerman, a white Hispanic male and the community’s neighborhood watch program coordinator, noticed him.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Political_Science_and_Civics/American_Government_3e_(OpenStax)/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPageThe LibreTexts libraries are Powered by NICE CXOne and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the Californi...The LibreTexts libraries are Powered by NICE CXOne and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Sociology/Introduction_to_Sociology/Introductory_Sociology_1e_(OpenStax)/02%3A_Sociological_Research/2.04%3A_Ethical_ConcernsMany sociologists believe it is impossible to set aside personal values and retain complete objectivity. They caution readers, rather, to understand that sociological studies may, by necessity, contai...Many sociologists believe it is impossible to set aside personal values and retain complete objectivity. They caution readers, rather, to understand that sociological studies may, by necessity, contain a certain amount of value bias. It does not discredit the results but allows readers to view them as one form of truth rather than a singular fact. Some sociologists attempt to remain uncritical and as objective as possible when studying cultural institutions.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Sociology/Introduction_to_Sociology/Introductory_Sociology_1e_(OpenStax)/18%3A_Work_and_the_Economy/18.03%3A_Globalization_and_the_EconomyGlobalization refers to the process of integrating governments, cultures, and financial markets through international trade into a single world market. Often, the process begins with a single motive, ...Globalization refers to the process of integrating governments, cultures, and financial markets through international trade into a single world market. Often, the process begins with a single motive, such as market expansion (on the part of a corporation) or increased access to healthcare (on the part of a nonprofit organization). But usually there is a snowball effect, and globalization becomes a mixed bag of economic, philanthropic, entrepreneurial, and cultural efforts.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Under_Construction/Purgatory/Book%3A_American_Government_(OpenStax)/05%3A_Civil_Rights/5.01%3A_IntroductionDue to the development’s proximity to the World Trade Center site, it was controversially referred to as the Ground Zero mosque. Yet, as the protest over the building of an Islamic community center in...Due to the development’s proximity to the World Trade Center site, it was controversially referred to as the Ground Zero mosque. Yet, as the protest over the building of an Islamic community center in Lower Manhattan demonstrates (Figure), people still encounter prejudice, injustice, and negative stereotypes that lead to discrimination, marginalization, and even exclusion from civic life.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Under_Construction/Purgatory/Book%3A_American_Government_(OpenStax)/16%3A_Domestic_Policy/16.04%3A_Policy_ArenasThe federal government still promotes research for civilian uses, mostly through the National Science Foundation, the National Institutes of Health, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (...The federal government still promotes research for civilian uses, mostly through the National Science Foundation, the National Institutes of Health, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
