Conclusion
This chapter outlined many of the issues but highlighted residential segregation, assets including homeownership, education, and labor as the major areas of wealth inequity. We learned in this chapter about the challenges of fixing the racial and ethnic wealth inequities in the US. In fact, our intersectional identities are more connected to our access or denial to wealth than we may realize. For example, white families have higher wealth because they are more likely to receive inheritances, gifts and other family support than Black and Hispanic families. Furthermore, this chapter utilized testimonies as a decolonial methodology when learning about the collective struggles of wealth inequalities and the movements to break down those barriers.
Proposed as a solution to eradicate poverty, education has been called the “great equalizer” and viewed as a path towards wealth building for those who do not come from wealth. In fact, individuals who earn college degrees can outearn their counterparts who don’t. However, low quality education (in combination with a variety of factors) can push out students from pursuing higher education and settling for dead end jobs. The economic injustice cycle persists because our income dictates where we can afford to live, access to quality education and proximity to well paying jobs.
Lastly, an important concept to understand from this chapter is racial capitalism, which explains how modern racialized labor is informed by the past racist ideologies and labor (i.e. unpaid African slave labor in US history). Thus, many of the racial economic inequalities in the US originated with the property and assets appropriated through colonization and the theft of native land, and through slavery. The struggles for economic justice persist in our society. For example, the continued fight for labor organizing by our teachers to Amazon workers to the nationwide, statewide, local, dialogue for reparations.
Key Terms
- Testimony: According to Linda Tuhiwai Smith testimonies are a project towards decolonization as they intersect with claiming because they are a means through which oral evidence is presented to a particular type of audience. Furthermore Smith states that in Latin America testimonies are used as a literary method “for making sense of histories, of voices and representation, and of the political narrative of oppression (Smith, 2021, p. 165).
- Wealth: having access to an abundance of money or valuable possessions or assets (such as stocks, land, houses, insurance, cars, and retirement accounts) after accounting for liabilities (debts). Assets are property or resources with value that can be borrowed against or invested to generate more money and can be passed down.
- Racial and Ethnic Wealth Inequalities: in the U.S. these inequities originated in colonization and slavery, they have endured because of the many legal and financial systems and policies that have been created and continue to operate to ensure this stolen wealth grows and passes to future generations.
- Racial Covenants: although they are now non-enforceable contractual agreements found in the deed to a house which explicitly states that non-white people cannot own or rent the house. In other words, there are rules that homeowners or developers could add themselves to their house deed to forbid certain races from buying or living on the property, even after the property was sold or passed through inheritance.
- Redlining: the practice of automatically denying mortgage loans based on a property’s geographic (redlined) location, rather than assessing an individual’s creditworthiness. Historically, the areas that were considered undesirable and were redlined were the areas where BIPOC residents were allowed to live, and the desirable (sometimes “greenlined” or “bluelined”) neighborhoods were limited to white residents through racial covenants.
- The Housing Crash of 2008: was a bubble caused by racially predatory lending which “popped,” wreaking havoc on financial markets while draining housing assets from largely Black and Latinx communities.
- Cultural hegemony: domination through coercion or consent. It is important to ask what is being taught in schools and reproduced in society (i.e. culture and laws) that ultimately benefits the dominant (wealthy, political) class. This term was coined by Antonio Gramsci.
- Racial Capitalism: a theory developed by Cedric Robinson in which he states that “capitalism and racism, in other words, did not break from the old order but rather evolved from it to produce a modern world system of “racial capitalism” dependent on slavery, violence, imperialism, and genocide.
- Labor Unions: are membership-driven, democratic organizations usually a group of two or more employees who join together to advance common interests such as wages, benefits, schedules and other employment terms and conditions (Unions 101, n.d.).
- Reparations: righting the wrongs of a past injustice through resources or monetary payment.
Discussion Questions
- Did you ever hear of the Housing Crash of 2008 before reading this chapter? Did your family or someone you know experience the consequences of this event? Is this new information to you, why do you think this happened?
- In small groups of 2-4 students, please review the section and definition of testimonies. What does it mean? Please share a testimony with your classmates that relates to Wealth Inequality and Race.
Journal Prompts
- Please choose one of the concepts used to explain Wealth Inequality from this chapter. Why does this explanation stand out to you? Have you or anyone from your family, friends, or loved ones experienced this in their lives?
- What is the fight for reparations? What do proponents of it argue? Why do you think it hasn’t happened in the US?
Class Activities
Zip-Code Activity
This is an activity that can be used in an in person classroom setting by going to The Opportunity Atlas website and allowing students to search their own ZIP code.
Zip-Code Activity Instructions:
- Ask students to journal and answer the following question.
- How did your neighborhood growing up impact your life opportunities?
- Before allowing students to explore the opportunity Atlas website, the instructor should model the activity with the students by sharing their ZIP code and how it impacted their educational and career trajectories.
- Show a short excerpt (the first 5-10 minutes) from “Does my neighborhood Determine my Future?”
- Students reflect for 2-3 minutes about the ZIP code that had the most impact on them during their upbringing. Instruct them to write down what they remember about their ZIP code. Note: generally, the most impactful years for young adults vary, ask them if their childhood was the most impactful? or, Were their teenage years the most impactful?
- Have students write down their ZIP code on a piece of paper .
- Individually go to the Opportunity Atlas website
- Where are you from? Enter ZIP Code.
- Allow Students to Navigate the Website for 10 minutes and explore.
- Have students journal for 10 minutes:
- What 3 pieces of information stood out to you? Why? For example,
- Household income?
- Incarceration rates?
- Poverty rates?
- Median rent prices?
- Population Density?
- Employment Rates?
- Students share with one student what stood out to them for 5 minutes.
- Students share with the class one thing that stood out to them for 10 minutes.
- Closing: Instructor provides insight to how our ZIP Codes impact our life trajectories and provides students with examples of people and neighborhoods challenging how our ZIP codes determine our future.
Race and Class, Song Activity
This is an activity that can be used in an asynchronous online classroom setting. In a discussion forum ask students to submit a song that has to do with race and class.
Part 1:
- Ask students to listen to the song “Why is it so hard” by Charles Bradley.
- Students should follow along with the lyrics to the song.
- Pose the following song analysis questions to students:
- What are the problems that arise in the song?
- What is the narrator's life before and after an unexpected event?
- How does this song help the listener understand the challenges of race and class in the U.S.?
- Does the narrator of the song have a dilemma to face? What are the options now?
- Students will post a 100 word analysis about the song “Why is it so hard” by Charles Bradley to the discussion forum.
Part 2:
- Ask students to choose their own song that has to do with race and class in the United States. They can quickly review this chapter for specific examples of the intersection of race and economic class.
- Note: The song a student chooses should be a “clean” version and appropriate for the learning environment. The instructor may ask a student to resubmit a new song if it is inappropriate.
- Students should listen to their song and take notes of the lyrics.
- Students can find the lyrics to their song online to help them analyze it.
- Pose the following song analysis questions to students:
- What are the problems that arise in the song?
- What is the narrator's life before and after an unexpected event?
- How does this song help the listener understand the challenges of race and class in the U.S.?
- Does the narrator of the song have a dilemma to face? What are the options now?
- Students will post a 100 word analysis of their chosen song to the discussion forum.