4: Early Childhood
- Page ID
- 184043
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- 4.1: Prelude to Early Childhood
- Overview of the physical growth and development of children between the ages of 2 and 6.
- 4.2: Brain Maturation
- Development of the brain in early childhood, in terms of brain weight gain and growth in the hemispheres and corpus callosum.
- 4.3: Motor Skill Development
- Development of motor skills in early childhood, through the avenues of basic locomotive skills, day-to-day activities, and childhood art.
- 4.4: Toilet Training
- Overview of toilet training, which typically occurs during the first two years of early childhood (24-36 months).
- 4.5: Sleep
- Recommended daily durations of sleep throughout the early childhood period.
- 4.6: Sexual Development
- Overview of sexual development in infancy and early childhood.
- 4.7: Nutritional Concerns
- Malnutrition is not common in developed nations like the United States, yet many children lack a balanced diet. Overview of nutritional concerns in young children, including establishing healthy eating patterns.
- 4.8: Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
- Introduction to the section on cognitive development in early childhood. Discussion of Piaget's preoperational stage and the characteristics of preoperational thought.
- 4.9: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development
- Overview of Lev Vygotsky's argument that culture has a major impact on a child’s cognitive development. Contrast between Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories.
- 4.10: Information Processing
- Information processing research in cognitive development for young children, regarding improvements in attention skills and changes in the capacity and the emergence of executive functions in working memory. Neo-Piagetians and the role played by information processing in their theories.
- 4.11: Children's Understanding of the World
- Developmentalist research into how young children organize information and develop their own theories about the world. Includes discussion of theory-theory and theory of mind.
- 4.12: Language Development
- Overview of language development milestones in the early childhood age group. Comparison of the language development skills in monolingual and bilingual children.
- 4.13: Preschool
- Expected standards for preschool education. Evaluating the effectiveness of Head Start preschool programs in improving learning in young children.
- 4.14: Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Overview of the characteristics, prevalence rates, and research into the causes of autism spectrum disorder.
- 4.15: Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood
- Psychosocial development in early childhood, in terms of Erikson's third stage of initiative vs. guilt and the development of self-concept, self-esteem, and self-control.
- 4.16: Gender
- Discussion of gender identity, gender socialization, and gender roles. Theories of gender development and the topic of transgender children.
- 4.17: Parenting Styles
- The four parenting styles as proposed by Baumrid, and the role played by culture in which of the styles any particular parent favors. Discussion of the topic of spanking.
- 4.18: Sibling Relationships
- The unique role played by sibling interactions in the psychosocial development of young children.
- 4.19: Play
- The role of play in childhood psychosocial development, including Parten's classifications of types of play and interaction with media. Imaginary companions.
- 4.20: Child Care
- Trends in parental time spent on child care, research into the impact of different child care arrangements on child development, and the ideal qualities of group-based child care arrangements.
- 4.21: Child Abuse
- Overview of the categories and impacts of child abuse. A more in-depth discussion of the long-term impacts of adverse childhood experiences, including the family separation policy at the U.S. border.
- 4.C: COVID-19 Impact on Early Childhood
- Impacts of COVID-19 on early childhood, including health aftereffects of infection and adverse childhood experiences created by the pandemic.