Glossary
- Page ID
- 92855
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)| Words (or words that have the same definition) | The definition is case sensitive | (Optional) Image to display with the definition [Not displayed in Glossary, only in pop-up on pages] | (Optional) Caption for Image | (Optional) External or Internal Link | (Optional) Source for Definition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Eg. "Genetic, Hereditary, DNA ...") | (Eg. "Relating to genes or heredity") |  | The infamous double helix | https://bio.libretexts.org/ | CC-BY-SA; Delmar Larsen |
| Word(s) | Definition | Image | Caption | Link | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Attention | The cognitive process of focusing mental resources on specific information while ignoring other stimuli | ||||
| Artificial Intelligence (AI) | The simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think and learn | ||||
| Auditory Perception | The process of interpreting sounds and speech, and how the brain processes auditory information | ||||
| Behaviorism | A theoretical approach in psychology that emphasizes observable behavior over internal mental states | ||||
| Bias | A systematic error in thinking or judgment, often caused by personal experiences, emotions, or cognitive limitations | ||||
| Bottom-Up Processing | Perception that starts with the sensory input and builds up to a higher-level cognitive process like recognition | ||||
| Cognitive Load | The total amount of mental effort being used in the working memory at any given time | ||||
| Cognitive Map | A mental representation of the layout of the environment, often used to navigate spaces | ||||
| Cognitive Neuroscience | An interdisciplinary field that examines the connection between the brain and cognitive processes | ||||
| Constructivism | A theory in which individuals construct knowledge through their experiences and interactions with the world | ||||
| Dual-Task Interference | The phenomenon in which performance on one task is impaired when another task is performed simultaneously | ||||
| Distributed Cognition | A perspective that views cognition as a process that is shared across people, tools, and environments | ||||
| Developmental Cognitive Psychology | The study of how cognitive processes develop and change across the lifespan | ||||
| Encoding | The process of transforming sensory input into a format that can be stored in memory | ||||
| Executive Function | Higher-level cognitive processes such as planning, decision-making, and problem-solving that involve the prefrontal cortex | ||||
| Feature Integration Theory | A theory that explains how visual features are combined to create a perception of an object | ||||
| Framing Effect | A cognitive bias where people make decisions based on how information is presented, rather than the actual content | ||||
| Gestalt Psychology | A school of thought emphasizing that the whole of a perception is greater than the sum of its parts | ||||
| Generalization | The cognitive process of applying learned knowledge or behaviors to new, similar situations | ||||
| Heuristic | A mental shortcut or rule of thumb used to simplify decision-making or problem-solving | ||||
| Hub-and-Spoke Model | A model of the brain's organization where sensory modalities are integrated in a central hub, with specific areas (spokes) involved in different tasks | ||||
| Implicit Memory | Unconscious memory that influences behavior without conscious awareness, such as skills or conditioned responses | ||||
| Information Processing Theory | A cognitive theory that compares the mind to a computer, emphasizing how information is encoded, stored, and retrieved | ||||
| Judgment | The cognitive process of evaluating and making decisions about information or situations | ||||
| Joint Attention | The shared focus of two individuals on an object or event, often studied in developmental psychology | ||||
| Kantian Constructivism | A theory emphasizing that perception is shaped by both sensory information and innate cognitive structures | ||||
| Knowledge Representation | How information is mentally stored and organized in the brain | ||||
| Long-Term Memory | A type of memory that can store large amounts of information for long periods, possibly for a lifetime | ||||
| Learning | A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge due to experience or practice | ||||
| Mental Rotation | The ability to visualize and manipulate objects in the mind's eye | ||||
| Metacognition | Awareness and control of one's own cognitive processes, such as thinking about thinking | ||||
| Neuroplasticity | The brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections in response to learning or injury | ||||
| Neurocognitive Disorder | A category of mental disorders that affect cognitive functions like memory, attention, and perception | ||||
| Object Recognition | The cognitive process of identifying objects based on their features | ||||
| Overconfidence Bias | The tendency for people to overestimate the accuracy of their knowledge or judgments | ||||
| Perception | The process by which sensory information is organized and interpreted to form an understanding of the environment | ||||
| Problem-Solving | The cognitive process of identifying a problem and finding a solution | ||||
| Priming | A phenomenon in which exposure to one stimulus influences the response to a subsequent stimulus, often unconsciously | ||||
| Prospective Memory | The ability to remember to perform an action in the future, such as remembering to take medication | ||||
| Quasi-Experimental Design | A research method that examines cause-and-effect relationships but lacks random assignment to groups | ||||
| Quantitative Research | Research involving numerical data, often used to study cognitive processes in large populations | ||||
| Recall | The ability to retrieve information from memory without the presence of external cues | ||||
| Recognition | The process of identifying information as familiar when presented with it | ||||
| Reinforcement | The process of increasing the likelihood of a behavior by providing a reward or positive outcome | ||||
| Schemas | Mental frameworks or structures that organize and interpret information, influencing perception and memory | ||||
| Selective Attention | The ability to focus on one specific aspect of the environment while ignoring others | ||||
| Serial Position Effect | A phenomenon where people tend to recall the first and last items in a list better than those in the middle | ||||
| Top-Down Processing | Perception that is guided by pre-existing knowledge, expectations, or context | ||||
| Theory of Mind | The ability to attribute mental states (beliefs, desires, intentions) to oneself and others and understand that others' behaviors are driven by their mental states | ||||
| Unconscious Processing | Cognitive processing that occurs without conscious awareness, influencing decisions and behavior | ||||
| U-Shaped Curve | A pattern in which performance initially improves, then worsens, and then improves again over time, often seen in developmental psychology | ||||
| Visual Imagery | The mental representation of visual information without the presence of external stimuli | ||||
| Visual Search | The cognitive process of searching for a specific object or feature within a visual scene | ||||
| Working Memory | A system for temporarily holding and manipulating information necessary for cognitive tasks like problem-solving and reasoning | ||||
| Wisdom | The ability to make sound judgments and decisions based on experience and understanding of life complexities | ||||
| Xenophobia | A cognitive bias where people tend to have an irrational fear or dislike of people from other countries or cultures | ||||
| Yerkes-Dodson Law | A theory that suggests an optimal level of arousal for performance, where too little or too much arousal impairs cognitive performance | ||||
| Yawning | A behavioral and physiological response that may be linked to cognitive regulation of arousal and attention | ||||
| Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) | A concept in developmental psychology describing the difference between what a learner can do independently and what they can do with guidance | ||||
| Zeigarnik Effect | The tendency to remember uncompleted tasks better than completed ones, due to the cognitive tension created by unfinished business |