1: Understanding Abnormal Behavior
- Page ID
- 219746
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- 1.1: Why It Matters- Understanding Mental Disorders
- This page emphasizes the importance of abnormal psychology in addressing the widespread nature of mental health issues, affecting nearly 20% of U.S. adults. It counters common myths surrounding mental illness, highlighting that these issues are not a result of personal weakness and can be treated effectively. Early intervention and support from loved ones are crucial for recovery and contribute to societal well-being and productivity.
- 1.2: Introduction to Mental Disorders
- This page discusses mental disorders characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that disrupt daily life, as distinguished from cultural norms. It emphasizes the DSM-5's role in diagnosing over 200 disorders by outlining their criteria, prevalence, and risk factors, underscoring the importance of these definitions for mental health professionals.
- 1.3: What Are Mental Disorders?
- This page defines psychological disorders as conditions with dysfunctional thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that affect daily life. It highlights the complexities in distinguishing disordered behavior influenced by cultural norms and the American Psychiatric Association's criteria. The four D's—deviance, dysfunction, distress, and danger—aid in understanding these disorders.
- 1.4: Mental Health Treatment in the Past
- This page explores the evolution of the understanding of mental illness, transitioning from supernatural views like demonic possession to scientific theories. It highlights key figures advocating for humane treatment, such as Wilhelm Griesinger and Philippe Pinel, and the impact of the deinstitutionalization movement in the 1960s. Despite progress, inadequate support led to homelessness for many mentally ill individuals.
- 1.5: Mental Health Treatment Today
- This page discusses the evolution of mental health services, highlighting the shift from institutional care to community-based treatments, supported by legislation aimed at deinstitutionalization. Despite progress, challenges persist, including inadequate support for released individuals leading to homelessness and incarceration, and difficulties in accessing care due to stigma, financial barriers, and resource limitations, especially in rural areas.
- 1.6: Introduction to Classifying Mental Disorders
- This page emphasizes the significance of classifying abnormal behavior to identify mental disorder patterns and improve communication among professionals. It highlights the essential role of classification systems like the DSM-5 and ICD-11 in standardizing language for research and treatment. Although beneficial for predicting behavior and guiding decisions, the practice faces criticism for potentially dehumanizing individuals through labeling.
- 1.7: Diagnosing and Classifying Mental Disorders
- This page summarizes the DSM-5, a crucial classification system for diagnosing mental health disorders in the U.S., detailing categories like anxiety, depression, neurodevelopmental, and neurocognitive disorders. It includes diagnostic criteria and notes changes reflecting evolving understandings, such as the removal of homosexuality as a disorder. It emphasizes comorbidity, especially with substance use, and recognizes cultural variations in symptom expression.
- 1.8: International Classification of Diseases
- This page discusses the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), created by WHO, which classifies mental and physical health disorders. ICD-11, adopted in January 2022, introduces new disorders and alters classifications, including merging personality disorders and redefining anxiety, mood, and developmental disorders. Although the DSM is favored in the U.S., the ICD is crucial for global health tracking.
- 1.9: Classification and Labeling
- This page critiques the DSM-5 classification system, noting its acceptance in mental health but highlighting issues with reliability, validity, and cultural sensitivity. It addresses the shift from a multiaxial to a dimensional approach and the implications of labeling in diagnosis, which can lead to stigma and a self-fulfilling prophecy.
- 1.10: Mental Disorders and Stigma
- This page addresses the stigma surrounding mental disorders, highlighting its detrimental effects on recovery and support due to negative stereotypes in media, which often portray individuals as dangerous. It emphasizes the need for effective communication and positive representation to combat stigma and improve societal attitudes. Additionally, it provides resources for understanding mental health stigma, advocating for accurate depictions to foster empathy and support.
- 1.11: Introduction to Evaluating and Assessing Mental Disorders
- This page discusses psychological assessment techniques, focusing on the clinical method that utilizes personal history and psychological needs to understand mental disorders. It emphasizes the importance of comprehensive assessments, which draw from various sources like tests and interviews to establish clinical diagnoses. The ultimate aim is to understand symptoms and inform treatment options. Future modules will feature case discussions to illustrate the significance of these assessments.
- 1.12: The Diagnostic Process
- This page outlines the diagnostic process in mental health, emphasizing the importance of patient roles (patient, client, consumer), case formulation, and cultural sensitivity. It discusses culture-bound syndromes, specifically dhat syndrome, and the significance of therapist-client collaboration in treatment planning.
- 1.13: Psychological Assessment
- This page discusses psychological assessments that evaluate cognitive and emotional functioning using standardized tests in various settings such as psychiatric and educational environments. These assessments, including intelligence, personality, and neuropsychological tests, aid in risk assessment, disorder diagnosis, and treatment planning. While online assessments are available, there are concerns about their validity.
- 1.14: Clinical Assessments and the Mental Status Examination
- This page emphasizes the importance of mental health assessment through clinical interviews and the Mental Status Examination (MSE). It discusses various formats of clinical interviews—structured, semi-structured, and unstructured—and their role in diagnosis, as well as the necessity of a comprehensive personal history.
- 1.15: Intelligence Testing
- This page discusses intelligence testing, focusing on the Wechsler and Stanford-Binet tests, their purposes, limitations, and historical controversies, including their misuse in eugenics. It details the evolution of IQ tests, emphasizing individual assessments and broader cognitive evaluations.
- 1.16: Personality Testing
- This page discusses personality testing methods, including self-report inventories like the MMPI, which provide clinical insights but may be biased, and the Big Five personality traits model. It also covers projective tests such as the Rorschach and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) that reveal unconscious thoughts and emotions. Tools like the Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB) identify personal struggles, and culturally specific tests aim to address biases in assessments for minority groups.
- 1.17: Cognitive and Behavioral Assessments
- This page emphasizes the significance of cognitive and behavioral assessments in neuropsychology for diagnosing neurocognitive deficits like dementia and Alzheimer's disease. It details cognitive assessments that evaluate memory, language, and other functions using tools like the MMSE and MoCA. Additionally, it covers behavioral assessments, including direct observation and rating scales like the CBCL, which aid in identifying problem behaviors and customizing interventions.
- 1.18: Putting It Together- Psychological Disorders
- This page offers an overview of psychological disorders, detailing definitions and classifications per the DSM-5. It underscores the significance of professional diagnosis over self-diagnosis to avoid misinterpretation of symptoms. The chapter discusses the evolution of mental health treatment and advocates for seeking help from qualified professionals for suspected mental illness.