14: Neurocognitive Disorders
- Page ID
- 219759
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- 14.1: Why It Matters- Neurocognitive and Other Disorders
- This page discusses neurocognitive disorders (NCDs), which impair cognitive functions such as learning and memory. It covers conditions like delirium and Alzheimer's disease, highlighting their causes, symptoms, and treatment options. Symptoms are categorized by severity, and while some disorders can be managed with medication and therapy, others lack a cure. The importance of understanding NCDs for proper diagnosis and care is emphasized.
- 14.2: Introduction to Neurocognitive Disorders
- This page covers neurocognitive disorders defined by significant cognitive or memory decline from previous functioning. It distinguishes between major and mild neurocognitive disorders, citing common causes like Alzheimer’s disease, Lewy body dementia, and Parkinson’s disease, while underscoring the importance of comprehending these conditions and their cognitive impacts.
- 14.3: Major and Mild Neurocognitive Disorders
- This page discusses neurocognitive disorders (NCDs), formerly known as dementia, characterized by cognitive impairments in memory, problem-solving, and perception. The DSM-5 categorizes NCDs into major (severe symptoms) and mild (milder symptoms). Causes include neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's, trauma, and substance abuse. Symptoms may involve emotional issues and reduced motivation. NCDs are increasingly common among the elderly, impacting a significant share of this population.
- 14.4: Delirium
- This page discusses delirium as an acute confusional state marked by rapid mental decline, affecting attention and cognition, with symptoms like hallucinations and mood swings. It contrasts with chronic conditions like dementia, presents diagnostic challenges due to symptom overlap with psychiatric disorders, and has risk factors such as older age and dehydration. Treatment focuses on identifying underlying causes, with non-pharmacologic methods preferred.
- 14.5: Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Alzheimer's Disease
- This page discusses Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive neurocognitive disorder accounting for 60-70% of dementia cases. It is characterized by memory loss and cognitive decline, with early symptoms often including difficulty remembering recent events. The disorder mainly affects those over 65, though younger-onset cases occur. The causes are not well understood but involve genetic factors.
- 14.6: Neurocognitive Disorder with Lewy Bodies or Due to Parkinson's Disease
- This page discusses neurocognitive disorders associated with Lewy bodies, highlighting dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson's disease. DLB typically affects individuals over 50, causing cognitive and psychiatric symptoms like visual hallucinations. Diagnosis is based on clinical features. Parkinson's disease primarily impacts those over 60, with symptoms arising from basal ganglia cell death and Lewy bodies; cognitive decline complicates diagnosis.
- 14.7: Introduction to Other Neurocognitive Disorders
- This page examines neurocognitive disorders linked to factors such as frontotemporal damage, vascular diseases, Prion's disease, Huntington's disease, HIV, traumatic brain injury, substance abuse, and medications. It aims to explore their effects on cognitive function and their roles in major and mild neurocognitive disorders.
- 14.8: Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Other Neurological Disorders
- This page discusses various neurocognitive disorders including frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder (FTLD), vascular neurocognitive disorder (VaD), prion diseases, and Huntington’s disease. FTLD affects younger individuals with significant behavioral changes, while VaD is the second most common dementia linked to cognitive decline after strokes. Both conditions lack specific treatments. Huntington’s disease leads to severe motor and cognitive decline, and prion diseases are rare but fatal.
- 14.9: Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Other Medical Conditions, Substances, or Medications
- This page outlines neurocognitive disorders (NCDs) associated with HIV, substance abuse, and traumatic brain injury (TBI), noting that cognitive impairments related to HIV have improved with therapy. Substance abuse is linked to cognitive deficits, while alcohol-related dementia presents with varied symptoms. TBI often leads to neurological issues post-trauma.
- 14.10: Introduction to Perspectives and Treatments Related to Neurocognitive Disorders
- This page covers psychological approaches and treatment methods for neurocognitive disorders, including relevant case study examples.
- 14.11: Treatments for Neurocognitive Disorders
- This page covers neurocognitive disorders, emphasizing assessment and treatment strategies. Major neurocognitive disorder (MND) is linked to conditions like Alzheimer's and diagnosed clinically. Risk factors can be modified. Management includes pharmacological options, such as cholinesterase inhibitors, and various nonpharmacological therapies including cognitive rehabilitation and reminiscence therapy, though effectiveness varies. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is noted for Parkinson's symptoms.
- 14.12: Case Studies- Neurocognitive Disorders
- This page presents case studies of two elderly women, Sarah and Gina, facing cognitive decline. Sarah, aged 78, has memory loss and a family history of neurocognitive disorders, leading to medication and eventual nursing care. Gina, 76, displays forgetfulness and hallucinations, possibly related to Parkinson's disease. The text emphasizes the importance of exploring treatment options and the role of healthcare professionals in managing cognitive disorders.
- 14.13: Introduction to Other Mental Disorders
- This page discusses the examination of mental illness understanding and treatment, highlighting the DSM-5 which not only lists various mental disorders but also considers relevant medical conditions and influencing factors.
- 14.14: Medication-Induced Movement Disorders
- This page discusses complications related to mental disorder medications, focusing on classifications from the DSM-5 and various movement disorders induced by these medications, such as tardive dyskinesia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. It underscores the prevalence and symptoms of these disorders and the importance of cautious medication management.
- 14.15: Other Conditions Related to Mental Disorders
- This page examines the impact of social environments, community influences, and racial identity on mental health. It highlights how problems like crime and a lack of support can lead to stress and anxiety, contributing to mental health disorders. The text emphasizes the importance of social interactions in fostering solidarity and how racial identity plays a role in experiences of discrimination.
- 14.16: Putting It Together- Neurocognitive Disorders
- This page covers three disorder types: neurological disorders, which affect the nervous system and can cause paralysis and seizures; neurocognitive disorders, impacting cognitive functions like memory and including conditions like dementia; and movement disorders, characterized by abnormal movements that can be medication-induced and classified as hyperkinetic or hypokinetic. The text emphasizes the distinctions and overlaps among these categories.